Pre-Coded Variables
for the
Standard
Cross-Cultural Sample
from World Cultures
Prepared by
William Divale
Divalebill@aol.com
York College, CUNY
www.york.cuny.edu
718-262-2982
Spring 2000
Contents
Introduction 3
Standard
Cross-Cultural Sample: Introduction 4
Subsistence
Economy and Supportive Practices Variables 1 to 22 7
Infancy
and Early Childhood Variables 23 to 60 11
Settlement
Patterns and Community Organization Variables 61 to 80 18
Political
Organization Variables 81 to 98 22
Division
of Labor Variables 99 to 148 25
Cultural
Complexity Variables 149 to 158 28
Sexual
Attitudes and Practices Variables 159 to 178 30
Climate
Data from Weather Stations Variables 179 to 199 33
Ethnographic
Atlas Variables 200 to 292 36
Traits
Inculcated in Childhood Variables 293 to 336 50
Agents
and Techniques of Child Training Variables 337 to 480 55
Parental
Acceptance-Rejection and Parental Control Variables 481 to 528 67
Adolescent
Initiation Ceremonies Variables 529 to 560 70
Reproductive
Rituals Variables 561 to 575 74
The
Relative Status of Women Variables 576 to 636 77
Kin Term
Patterns Variables 637 to 644 86
Cultural
Theories of Illness Variables 645 to 656 89
Female
Power and Male Dominance Variables 657 to 679 91
Female
Status: Independent Variables Variables 680 to 738 95
Husband-Wife
Relationships Variables 739 to 755 104
Political
Decision Making and Conflict Variables 756 to 797 109
Data
Quality Control Variables for Child Training Variables 798 to 813 116
Sexual
Division of Labor Revisited Variables 814 to 826 120
Adolescent
Sexual Behavior Variables 827 to 832 122
Standard
Cross-Cultural Sample Variables 833 to 850 124
Language
Phylum and Family Membership Variables 851 to 853 127
Climate
and Subsistence Variables 854
to 859.1 132
Polygyny: Form and Frequency Variables 860
to 879 137
Magico-Religious
Practitioners Variables 879
to 884 141
Female
Contribution to Subsistence Variables 885
to 890 142
The
Nature of Warfare Variables 891
to 916 143
Slavery
and Social Death Variables 917
to 920 148
Agricultural
Potentials Variables 921
to 930 151
Varieties
of Sexual Experience Variables 931 to 985 154
Enculturative
Continuity and Importance of Caretakers Variables 986 to 1005 172
Historical
Analysis of Subsistence Change Variables 1006 to 1114 175
Population
Codes Variable 1122
190
Type of
Agriculture Variables 1123 to 1131 192
State
Organization Variable 1132 195
Despotism
and Harem Size Variables 1133 to 1135 196
Divorce Variables 1136 to 1178 197
Rape Variables 1179 to 1187 199
Evil Eye Variables 1188 to 1189 202
Kin
Avoidance Variables 1190 to 1225 203
Marriage
Transactions Variables 1238 to 1240 205
Female
Beauty and Adolescent Sexuality Codes Variables 1248 to 1252 206
Pathogen
Stress Cross-Culturally: Codes Variables 1253 to 1260 208
Starvation
and Famine Among SCCS Societies: Codes Variables 1261 to 1270 210
Introduction 214
Standard
Cross-Cultural Sample: Introduction 215
Household
Division Of Work I Variables 1271 to 1305 218
Household
Division Of Work II Variables 1306 to 1341 226
Household
Division Of Work III Variables 1342 to 1366 231
Household
Division Of Work IV Variables 1367 to 1401 236
Household
Division Of Work V Variables 1402 to 1437 244
Household
Division Of Work VI.1 Variables 1438 to 1462 249
Household
Division Of Work VI.2 Variables 1463 to 1490 254
Household
Division Of Work VII Variables 1491 to 1521 259
Household
Division Of Work X Variables 1522 to 1557 264
Household
Division Of Work X Variables 1558 to 1591 270
Household
Division Of Work XI Variables 1592 to 1614 276
Household
Division Of Work XII Variables 1615 to 1647 280
Warfare,
Aggression, and Resource Problems Variables 1648 to 1691 286
Scarification,
Pathogen Load and Biome Variables 1692 to 1709 302
Sleeping
Arrangements of Children & Adolescents Variables 1710 to 1713 304
CONAN:
Code-Text Data-Base, Part I Variables 1714 to 1747 305
CONAN:
Code-Text Data-Base, Part II Variables 1748 to 1780 313
Codes on
Gossip Topics Variables 1781 to 1805 321
Gossip
Factor Scales Factors 1 to 8 325
Modernization
Codes Variables 1806 to 1849 327
The
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White, 1969, Ethnology) is
currently the most widely used sample in cross-cultural research. At present 1,805 variables have been
measured for this sample and published in the journal World Cultures (as
of volume 11, number 1 [Spring 2000]).
I have
found from my own research and from teaching students to use the cross-cultural
method that a description of these variables is useful, especially if collected
in one place. For a recent discussion
of the cross-cultural method see Ember and Ember (1998). Often one has a hypothesis that requires the
measurement of the independent or dependent variable. The remaining variables sometimes need to be measured as well,
but sometimes they already were coded by another researcher. More often a similar variable exists or one
exists that can be used as an indirect measure. The use of pre-existing variables can facilitate research,
especially in preliminary or pilot studies.
The present
volumes collect the codebooks for these 1,805 variables in one location. In the accompanying CD-ROM disk the 1,805
variables are presented in two formats:
The
codebooks indicate which data files correspond to the codebook. For example, the first codebook refers to
Subsistence Economy and Supportive Practices (Murdock and Morrow 1970). These are variables number 1-22 and can be
found in SPSS format in data file STDS01.SAV, or in ASCCI format in ST01.DAT.
Using the
Data, Merge option in SPSS one can easily add, delete, or combine variables
from different data files to make a file for your use.
In
addition, in separate files on the CD are also included the ethnographic
bibliography for the societies in the SCCS sample.
Ember,
Carol. R. and Melvin Ember. 1998. Cross-Cultural Research. In H.R. Bernard (ed.), Handbook of
methods in cultural anthropology, pp. 647-687. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
Murdock,
George P., and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and Supportive
Practices. Ethnology 9:302-330.
Murdock,
George P., and Douglas White. 1969. The
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8:329-369.
The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and
White 1969) consists of 186 societies,
each of which is pinpointed to a
particular time and place for purposes of
coding. By society, we mean a
specific local population which
reproduces a way of life, the
description of which may vary depending on which of many possible foci is
chosen for study, within some larger
unit. No attempt is made to generalize the
descriptions of these individualized ways of life to an entire
"society" in terms of the largest groups that might
be included under
the ethnic or
national designations of the
particular units.
FILE: STDSAMPL.FOC
This sample
is designed for
testing propositions about
human societies, cultures, and
behaviors. The order in which the
societies are listed below corresponds to the order of the records in the
datafiles with descriptive
variables on these
societies. The numbers running from 1
to 186 traverse the societies from the southern tip of Africa
up through Europe, on
through Asia and the Pacific,
into North America and down to the tip of South America. The dates are the focal date, which
is often the earliest reliable
ethnographic description.
No. Societal Name Date No. Societal Name Date
1 Nama Hottentot 1860
2 Kung Bushmen 1950
3 Thonga 1865
4 Lozi 1900
5 Mbundu 1890
6 Suku 1920
7 Bemba 1897
8 Nyakyusa 1934
9 Hadza 1930
10 Luguru 1925
11 Kikuyu 1920
12 Ganda 1875
13 Mbuti 1950
14 Nkundo Mongo 1930
15 Banen 1935
16 Tiv 1920
17 Ibo 1935
18 Fon 1890
19 Ashanti 1895
20 Mende 1945
21 Wolof 1950
22 Bambara 1902
23 Tallensi 1934
24 Songhai 1940
25 Pastoral Fulani 1951
26 Hausa 1900
27 Massa (Masa) 1910
28 Azande 1905
29 Fur (Darfur) 1880
30 Otoro Nuba 1930
31 Shilluk 1910
32 Mao 1939
33 Kaffa (Kafa) 1905
34 Masai
1900
35 Konso 1935
36 Somali 1900
37 Amhara 1953
38 Bogo 1855
39 Kenuzi Nubians 1900
40 Teda 1950
41 Tuareg 1900
42 Riffians 1926
43 Egyptians 1950
44 Hebrews - 621
45 Babylonians -1750
46 Rwala Bedouin 1913
47 Turks 1950
48 Gheg Albanians 1910
49 Romans 110
50 Basques 1934
51 Irish 1932
52 Lapps 1950
53 Yurak Samoyed 1894
54 Russians 1955
55 Abkhaz 1880
56 Armenians 1843
57 Kurd 1951
58 Basseri 1958
59 Punjabi (West) 1950
60 Gond 1938
61 Toda 1900
62 Santal 1940
63 Uttar Pradesh 1945
64 Burusho 1934
65 Kazak 1885
66 Khalka Mongols 1920
67 Lolo 1910
68 Lepcha 1937
69 Garo 1955
70 Lakher 1930
71 Burmese 1965
72 Lamet 1940
73 Vietnamese 1930
74 Rhade 1962
75 Khmer 1292
76 Siamese 1955
77 Semang 1925
78 Nicobarese 1870
79 Andamanese 1860
80 Vedda 1860
81 Tanala 1925
82 Negri Sembilan 1958
83 Javanese 1954
84 Balinese 1958
85 Iban 1950
86 Badjau 1963
87 Toradja 1910
88 Tobelorese 1900
89 Alorese 1938
90 Tiwi 1929
91 Aranda 1896
92 Orokaiva 1925
93 Kimam
1960
94 Kapauku 1955
95 Kwoma 1960
96 Manus 1937
97 New Ireland 1930
98 Trobrianders 1914
99 Siuai 1939
100 Tikopia 1930
101 Pentecost 1953
102 Mbau Fijians 1840
103 Ajie 1845
104 Maori 1820
105 Marquesans 1800
106 Western Samoans 1829
107 Gilbertese 1890
108 Marshallese 1900
109 Trukese 1947
110 Yapese 1910
111 Palauans 1947
112 Ifugao 1910
113 Atayal 1930
114 Chinese 1936
115 Manchu 1915
116 Koreans 1947
117 Japanese 1950
118 Ainu 1880
119 Gilyak 1890
120 Yukaghir 1850
121 Chukchee 1900
122 Ingalik 1885
123 Aleut 1800
124 Copper Eskimo 1915
125 Montagnais 1910
126 Micmac 1650
127 Saulteaux 1930
128 Slave 1940
129 Kaska 1900
130 Eyak 1890
131 Haida 1875
132 Bellacoola 1880
133 Twana 1860
134 Yurok 1850
135 Pomo (Eastern) 1850
136 Yokuts (Lake) 1850
137 Paiute (North.) 1870
138 Klamath 1860
139 Kutenai 1890
140 Gros Ventre 1880
141 Hidatsa 1836
142 Pawnee 1867
143 Omaha 1860
144 Huron 1634
145 Creek 1800
146 Natchez 1718
147 Comanche 1870
148 Chiricahua 1870
149 Zuni 1880
150 Havasupai 1918
151 Papago 1910
152 Huichol 1890
153 Aztec 1520
154 Popoluca 1940
155 Quiche 1930
156 Miskito 1921
157 Bribri 1917
158 Cuna (Tule) 1927
159 Goajiro 1947
160 Haitians 1935
161 Callinago 1650
162 Warrau 1935
163 Yanomamo 1965
164 Carib (Barama) 1932
165 Saramacca 1928
166 Mundurucu 1850
167 Cubeo (Tucano) 1939
168 Cayapa 1908
169 Jivaro 1920
170 Amahuaca 1960
171 Inca 1530
172 Aymara 1940
173 Siriono 1942
174 Nambicuara 1940
175 Trumai 1938
176 Timbira 1915
177 Tupinamba 1550
178 Botocudo 1884
179 Shavante 1958
180 Aweikoma 1932
181 Cayua 1890
182 Lengua 1889
183 Abipon 1750
184 Mapuche 1950
185 Tehuelche 1870
186 Yahgan 1865
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY AND SUPPORTIVE PRACTICES
George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970.
ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330.
Datafile:
STDS01.DAT Vars. 1- 22 subsistence
1.
INTERCOMMUNITY TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE
..Comment: here are the frequencies, code,
and label headings for this variable
#
of Code Descriptive
Cases
# = Label
---
- -----
3
. = (dot) Missing Data
7
1 = No Trade
51
2 = Food Imports absent although trade present
Food Imports present, and
contribute:
4
3 = Salt or Minerals only
81
4 = < 10% of food (90% form local extractive sources)
38 5 = < 50% of food,
and less than any single local source
-
6 = < 50% of food, and more than any single local source
2
7 = > 50% of food
2.
FOOD IMPORT ACQUISITION
62
. = Missing Data
49
1 = Direct individual exchanges
10
2 = Indirect individual exchanges
28
3 = Local markets
34
4 = Middlemen
3
5 = Three or four of above
3.
AGRICULTURE- CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY
35
1 = None
3
2 = Non-food Crops
17
3 = < 10%
12
4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
42
5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
77
6 = Primarily agricultural
4.
CROPS- PRINCIPAL
36
. = Missing Data
2
1 = Non-food
-
2 = Vegetables
14
3 = Tree or Vine
38
4 = Roots
96
5 = Cereals
5.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
8
1 = None
41
2 = Present, not food source
67
3 = < 10% food supply
33
4 = < 50% - chiefly meat
21
5 = < 50% - chiefly dairy
-
6 = < 50% - chiefly honey
16
7 = > 50%
6.
ANIMALS- DOMESTICATED
8
. = Missing Data
54
1 = Small Species, e.g. Bees, Cats, Dogs, Fowl
34
2 = Pigs
23
3 = Ovides
14
4 = Equines
3
5 = Reindeer
4
6 = Camels
46
7 = Bovines
7.
FISHING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
2
. = Missing Data
27
1 = None
79
2 = < 10% food supply
55
3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
10
4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
13 5 = > 50%
8.
FISH
29
. = Missing Data
6
1 = Shellfish
122
2 = True fish
1
3 = Large aquatic animals
28
4 = Two or more of above
9.
HUNTING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4
. = Missing Data
18
1 = None
3
2 = Not food source
85
2 = < 10% food supply
61
3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
8
4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
7
5 = > 50%
10.
ANIMALS HUNTED
23
. = Missing Data
18
1 = Birds or Waterfowl
35
2 = Small Mammals
65
3 = Large Game
45
4 = Two or more of above
11.
GATHERING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4
. = Missing Data
16
1 = None
116
2 = < 10% food supply
40
3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
7
4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
3 5 = > 50%
12. GATHERED FOODS
21
. = Missing Data
18
1 = Wild Animal products
15
2 = Wild Herbs, Leaves, Blossoms
7
3 = Tree Pith, e.g., Sago
11
4 = Wild Roots or Tubers
54
5 = Wild Fruit, seeds, nuts, berries
60
6 = Two or more of the above
13.
LAND TRANSPORT (especially regarding food transport)
1
. = Missing Data
108
1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
41
2 = Pack Animals
13
3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
12
4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
11
5 = Motorized vehicles
14.
ROUTES OF LAND TRANSPORT
5
. = Missing Data
124
1 = Unimproved Trails
26
2 = Improved Trails, for porters or animal carriers
22
3 = Unpaved Roads, for wheeled vehicles
9
4 = Paved Roads
15.
WATER TRANSPORT
5
. = Missing Data
20
1 = None, but feasible note:
1 & 2 should be reversed
56
2 = Not feasible
10
3 = Floats or rafts
73
4 = Human powered craft
20
5 = Sail powered craft
2
6 = Motorized craft
16.
WATER CRAFT
91
0 = None
50
1 = Small, for <10 people or load equivalent
31
2 = Medium, for >10 people or load equivalent
14
3 = Large, for >40 people or load equivalent
17.
MONEY (MEDIA OF EXCHANGE) AND CREDIT
3
. = Missing Data
77
1 = No media of exchange or money
12
2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
26
3 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
42
4 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
26
5 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency
18. CREDIT
SOURCE
17
. = Missing Data
113
1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
26
2 = Internal money lending specialists
23
3 = External money lending specialists
7
5 = Banks or comparable institutions
19.
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD
31A
1 = Year-round food supply, none
29B
2 = Year-round food supply, simple
14C
3 = Year-round food supply, complex
8E
4 = Daily variation, none
2F
5 = Daily variation, simple
-G 6 = Daily variation, complex
24I
7 = Seasonal variation, barely adequate
46J
8 = Seasonal variation, adequate
16K
9 = Seasonal variation, adequate
6L
10 = Annual variation, barely adequate
5M
11 = Annual variation, adequate
3N
12 = Annual variation, adequate
2O
13 = Imported food, barely adequate
-P
14 = Imported food, adequate
Note: Remove Letters
20.
FOOD STORAGE
4
. = Missing Data
36
1 = None
129
2 = Individual households
7
3 = Communal facilities
3
4 = Political agent controlled repositories
7
5 = Economic agent controlled repositories
21.
FOOD SURPLUS VIA STORAGE
69
1 = None or barely adequate
84
2 = Simple or adequate
33
3 = Complex or More than adequate
22.
FOOD SUPPLY (ECOLOGICAL OR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK)
74
1 = Year-round food supply locally
10
2 = Daily variation in food supply
86
3 = Seasonal variation
14
4 = Annual variation
2
5 = Imported food supply
Barry,
Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508.
Datafile:
STDS02.DAT Vars. 23- 60 infancy and early childhood
<stds02.cod>
Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only,
from the first year until the
transition to early childhood (see
38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18
months.The early and late infancy
periods of variables 24-27 refer to
the first few months after birth versus
the period after crawling
begins,usually around 9 months.
Variables 33-38 include both infancy and
early childhood, the latter usually to
the age of 4-5 years. Variables
39-50 deal with the transition to
childhood, around 12-18
months.Variables 51-60 provide a
comparison of infancy and childhood.
23.
SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT
..Comment: here are the frequencies, code,
and label headings for this variable
#
of Code Descriptive
Cases
# = Label
---
- -----
13
. = Missing Data
-
1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant
12
2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room
-
3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified
30
4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed
55
5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified
24
6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room
5
7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified
24
8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room
23
9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant
24.
BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY
55
. = Missing Data
42
1 = None except in emergency
1
2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
21
3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
41
4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
26
5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
25.
BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY
63
. = Missing Data
61
1 = None except in emergency
8
2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
14
3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
23
4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
17
5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
26.
BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY
65
. = Missing Data
3
1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
16
2 = Occasionally
33
3 = Up to 1/2 time
49
4 = > 1/2 time
20 5 = Almost Constantly
27.
BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY
69
. = Missing Data
3
1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
15
2 = Occasionally
41
3 = Up to 1/2 time
43
4 = > 1/2 time
15 5 = Almost
Constantly
28.
INFANT CARRYING DEVICES
30
. = Missing Data
22
1 = None, skin contact
22
2 = None, clothing or blanket
75
3 = Sling or Pouch
9
4 = Basket
28
5 = Rigid Cradleboard
29.
INFANT CARRYING POSITION
30
. = Missing Data
91
1 = Back
54
2 = Side
10
3 = Front
1
4 = Other
30.
INFANT EYE CONTACT WITH CARRIER
44
. = Missing Data
26 1 = Away from carrier
116
2 = Toward carrier
31.
INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE
83
. = Missing Data
3
1 = Indifferent or punitive
3
2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant
19
3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant
67
4 = Generally speedy, nurturant
11
5 = Always speedy, nurturant
32.
INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT
139
. = Missing Data
16
1 = Very Infrequent and brief
10
2 = Infrequent and short
9 3 = Infrequent and prolonged
11
4 = Frequent and short
1
5 = Frequent and prolonged
33.
CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION
38
. = Missing Data
17
1 = Absent
37
2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
63 3 = Occasional mild
pain
25
4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
6
5 = Frequent pain
-
6 = Very painful
34.
POST - PARTUM SEX TABOO
52
. = Missing data
2
1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
7
2 = None
29
3 = 1 month or less
42
4 = 6 months or less
12
5 = 1 year or less
20
6 = 2 years or less
22
7 = > 2 years
35.
CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY
7
. = Missing Data
20
1 = None
73
2 = Only within first 2 months
56
3 = One occasion at later age
20
4 = Two or more ceremonies
10
5 = Prominent
36.
MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD
8
. = Missing Data
8
1 = None
22
2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade
76
3 = Slight, neonatally and later
66
4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
6
5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later
37.
PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
20
. = Missing Data
1
1 = No special effort
43
2 = Slight
79
3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths
4 = Some
exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments,
diapers
4
5 = Variety of exceptional techniques
38.
INTRODUCTION OF NEW FOODS (OTHER THAN MILK) IN CHILDHOOD
95
. = Missing Data
33
1 = Before 1 month
27
2 = 1-6 months
11
3 = 7-12 months, including solids
6
4 = 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated
14
5 = After 12 months
39.
WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY
29
. = Missing Date
103
1 = > 2 years and gentle
27 2 = > 2 years and
severe
17
3 = > 1 year and gentle
5
4 = > 1 year and severe
3
5 = > 6 months and gentle
1
6 = > 6 months and severe
1
7 = < 6 months and gentle
-
8 = < 6 months and severe
40.
MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
109
. = Missing Data
2
1 = Discourage or punish early development
2
2 = Ignore development
22
3 = No active assistance, but attention given
42
4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
9
5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance
41.
AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
81
. = Missing Data
25
1 = > 4 years and gradual
3
2 = > 4 years and abrupt
54
3 = 2-4 years and gradual
23
4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual
-
5 = < 2 years and abrupt
*
note: recode category 4
=======================
42.
ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD
123
0 = None
7
1 = 3-5 years
27
2 = > 18 months
9
3 = > 1 year
7
4 = > 6 months
13
5 = < 6 month
43.
COVERING GENITALS- AGE
50
0 = Even adults uncovered
85
1 = Very late
14
2 = Late
2
3 = > 1 year
1
4 = < 6 months
34
5 = After birth
44.
WEANING- AGE OF ONSET
30
. = Missing Data
19
1 = up to 12 months
12
2 = 13 - 20 months
67
3 = 21 - 24
6
4 = 25 - 30
36
5 = 31 - 36
9
6 = 37 - 42
7
7 = 43 - 48
-
8 = 49 - 60
-
9 = 61 - 72
45.
WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION
30
. = Missing Data
7
1 = up to 12 months
5
2 = 13 - 20
38
3 = 21 - 24
8
4 = 25 - 30
64
5 = 31 - 36
16
6 = 37 - 42
14
7 = 43 - 48
4
8 = 49 - 60
-
9 = 61 - 72 months
46.
WEANING- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL
ORDER OF ONSET
27
. = Missing Data
7
1 = 1st in onset (among variables 46-50)
80
2 = 2nd
57
3 = 3rd
15
4 = 4th
-
5 = 5th
47.
MOTOR SKILLS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
10
. = Missing Data
121
1 = 1st
46
2 = 2nd
7
3 = 3rd
2
4 = 4th
-
5 = 5th
48.
AUTONOMY- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
80
. = Missing Data
-
1 = 1st
18
2 = 2nd
46
3 = 3rd
33
4 = 4th
9
5 = 5th
49.
ELIMINATION CONTROL- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
122
. = Missing Data
17
1 = 1st
31
2 = 2nd
10
3 = 3rd
5 4 = 4th
5 = 5th
50.
COVERING GENITALS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
36
. = Missing Data
32
1 = 1st
9
2 = 2nd
34
3 = 3rd
45
4 = 4th
30
5 = 5th
51.
NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY
24
. = Missing Data
5
1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
81
2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles
63
3 = Principally Mother, others important roles
10
4 = Mother < 1/2 care
2
5 = Mother minor but significant
1
6 = Mother minimal except for nursing
52.
NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD
50
. = Missing Data
-
1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
36
2 = Principally Mother, others important roles
60
3 = Mother < 1/2 care
38
4 = Primarily others
2
5 = Exclusively others
53.
ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY
32
. = Missing Data
8
1 = Distant
27
2 = Rarely close
72
3 = Occasionally close
44
4 = Frequently close
3
5 = Regularly close
54.
ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD
36
. = Missing Data
4
1 = Distant
18
2 = Rarely Close
46
3 = Occasionally Close
73
4 = Frequently Close
9
5 = Regularly Close
55. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS
AND COMPANIONS
48
. = Missing Data
31
1 = Children, Females
4
2 = Children, unspecified
11
3 = Children, both sexes
60
4 = Adult Family, Females
5 =
Adult Family, unspecified
6 =
Adult Family, both sexe
17
7 = Others, Female
1 9 =
Others, both sexes
56.
PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
45
. = Missing Data
10
1 = Peer Group, single sex
1
2 = Peer Group, unspecified
43
3 = Peer Group, both sexes
22
4 = Older Children, single sex
8
5 = Older Children, unspecified
22
6 = Older Children, both sexes
14
7 = Adults, single sex
21
9 = Adults, both sexes
57.
GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account)
67
. = Missing Data
1
1 = Severe or neglectful
8
2 = Lesser severity
19
3 = Occasional indulgence
80
4 = Greater
11 5 = Highly
affectionate
58.
GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
67
. = Missing Data
36
1 = Low in category
34
2 = Medium in category
49
3 = High in category
* Note: Combine 57 and 58
=======================
59.
GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account)
54
. = Missing Data
2
1 = Severe
24
2 = Less Severity
32
3 = Occasional Severity
64
4 = Greater Leniency
10
5 = Consistently Lenient
60.
GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
54
. = Missing Data
43
1 = Low in Category
44
2 = Medium in Category
45
3 = High in Category
*
Note: Combine 59 and 60
=======================
<stds03.cod>
George
P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson.
1972. ETHNOLOGY 11: 254-295.
Datafile:
STDS03.DAT Vars. 61- 80 settlement and community
61.
FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT
# of
Code Descriptive
Cases
# = Label
---
- -----
28
1 = Migratory
21
2 = Seminomadic- fixed then migratory
6
3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
14
4 = Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory
15
5 = Impermanent- periodically moved
102
6 = Permanent
62.
COMPACTNESS OF SETTLEMENT
18
2 = Dispersed
20
3 = Spatially separated subsettlements
44
4 = Partially dispersed with central core
104
1 = Compact
*
Note: Recode Ordinally
======================
63.
COMMUNITY SIZE
1
. = Missing Data
28
1 = < 50
28
2 = 50-99
45
3 = 100-199
32
4 = 200-399
29
5 = 400-999
15
6 = 1,000-4,999
5
7 = 5,000-49,999
3
8 = > 50,000
64.
POPULATION DENSITY
2
. = Missing Data
36
1 = < 1 person per 5 sq.
mile
22
2 = 1 person per 1-5 sq.
mile
25
3 = 1-5 persons per sq. mile
27
4 = 1-25 persons per sq. mile
34
5 = 26-100 persons per sq. mile
20
6 = 101-500 persons per sq. mile
20
7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile
65.
TYPES OF DWELLING
-
. = Missing Data
13
1 = Conical
2
2 = Beehive
11
3 = Dome or hemispherical
5
4 = Wedge-shape roof
6
5 = Semicylindrical
24
6 = Cone-cylinder
49
7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
18
8 = Rectangular on piles
17
9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls
12F 10 = Flat roofs
9R
11 = Caves or rock shelters
9T
12 = Tents
8S
13 = Semisubterranean
3X
14 = Miscellaneous
*
note: eliminate letters
66.
LARGE OR IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURES
96
1 = None
24
2 = Residences of influential individuals
31
3 = Secular or public building(s)
27
4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
4
5 = Military structure(s)
4
6 = Economic or industrial building(s)
67. HOUSEHOLD FORM
6
1 = Large communal structures
4
2 = Multi-family dwellings
87
3 = Single family dwellings
37
4 = Family homestead
24
5 = Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair
9
6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives
3
7 = Mother-child households, husbands separate
16
8 = Multi-dwelling households, each dwelling occupied
by individual married man or
woman
68.
FORM OF FAMILY (SEE 79, 80)
7
1 = Monogamous, no polygyny
42
2 = Monogamous, < 20% polygyny
26
3 = Polygynous, > 20%
2
4 = Polyandrous
9
5 = Stem family, monogamy
7
6 = Stem family, < 20% polygyny
10
7 = Small extended, monogamy
30
8 = Small extended, < 20% polygyny
19
9 = Small extended, > 20% polygyny
5M
10 = Large extended, monogamy
17N
11 = Large extended, < 20% polygyny
12P
12 = Large extended, > 20% polygyny
*
note: eliminate letters
=======================
69.
MARITAL RESIDENCE
1
. = Missing data
38
1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin
8
2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin
118
3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
12
4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin
9
5 = Neolocal - separate from kin
70.
DESCENT - MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS
26
1 = Matrilineal - through female line
10
2 = Double descent - separate groups through male and female lines
75
3 = Patrilineal - through male line
6
4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
69
5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group
71.
DESCENT GROUPS, LOCATION OF CORE GENDER GROUP
69
0 = None - Bilateral
22
1 = Localized lineages - in community, more than one per community
6
2 = Clan communities - core group and spouses constitute community
89
3 = Dispersed sibs - core group dispersed in different communities
72.
INTERCOMMUNITY MARRIAGE
1
. = Missing data
11
1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
50
2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
51
3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
38
4 = Local endogamy 11-39% (agamous)
5 =
Local endogamy 0-10% (exogamy)
73.
COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
6
1 = Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger polity
26
2 = By common residence only
16
3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
78
4 = Overlapping Kin ties
8
5 = Common social or economic status
20
6 = Common political ties
32
7 = Common religious ties
74.
PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS
67
1 = Rites of passage
69
2 = Calendrical
36
3 = Magical or religious
14
4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch)
75. CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS
54
1 = Feasting and/or drinking
10
2 = Exchanges other than food
51
3 = Entertainment
57
4 = Sacrifice other than human
13
5 = Human sacrifice
1
6 = Masochistic behavior
76.
COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP
13
1 = No centralized local leadership
4
2 = Higher level only
54
3 = Single local leader
8
4 = Dual/plural headmen
72
5 = Single local leader and council
15 6 = Local councils
10
7 = Single local leader and subordinates
10
8 = Too complex to be coded
77.
LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY
3
. = Missing data
17
1 = No headman or council
10
2 = By appointment
10
3 = Seniority
2
4 = Divination
37
5 = Informal consensus
22
6 = Electoral process
61
7 = Patrilineal
14
8 = Matrilineal
10
9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications
78.
LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, SECONDARY
126
. = Missing Data
-
1 = No headman or council
-
2 = By appointment
33
3 = Seniority
-
4 = Divination
22
5 = Informal consensus
3
6 = Electoral process
2
7 = Patrilineal
79.
POLYGAMY
2
1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands
31
2 = Monogamy
96
3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
4 =
Polygyny > 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
80. FAMILY SIZE
7
1 = Nuclear Monogamous
70
2 = Nuclear Polygynous
3 =
Stem Family
59
4 = Small extended
34
5 = Large extended
<stds04.cod>
Tuden,
Arthur, and Catherine Marshall.
1972. ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464.
Datafile:
STDS04.DAT Vars. 81- 98 political organization
81.
POLITICAL AUTONOMY
2
. = Missing data
16
1 = Dependent totally
41
2 = Semi-autonomous
4
3 = Tribute paid
78
4 = De facto autonomy
16
5 = Equal status in pluralistic society
29
6 = Fully autonomous
82.
TREND IN AUTONOMY
2
. = Missing data
54
1 = Declining autonomy
43
2 = Declining territory or population control
49
3 = State of equilibrium
22
4 = State of equilibrium, expanding territory
16
5 = Increasing autonomy
83.
LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY
2
. = Missing data
98
1 = Stateless society
31
2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
14
3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
41
4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level
84.
HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
3
. = Missing data
85
1 = Absent
28
2 = Peace group
46
3 = Alliances
7
4 = Confederation
17
5 = International organization
85.
EXECUTIVE
3
. = Missing data
98
1 = Absent
7
2 = Council
22
3 = Executive and Council
2
4 = Plural executive
54
5 = Single leader
86.
SELECTION OF EXECUTIVE
7
. = Missing data
98
1 = Absent
21
2 = Patrilineal, Fa to So
3
3 = Patrilineal, Fa to FaBr, then to So
5
4 = Matrilineal, MoBr to SiSo
1
5 = Matrilineal, MoBr to MoBr
24
6 = Ruling family
1
7 = Decision by limited power group
12 8 = Elected by
council
2
9 = Informal recognition
6 (10) E = Formal elections
5 (11) A = Appointee of alien
society
1 (12) D = Divination
87.
DELIBERATIVE AND CONSULTATIVE BODIES
5
. = Missing data
154
1 = Absent
5
2 = Aristocrats
5
3 = Appointed
9
4 = By ethnic components
5 =
Elective
88.
ADVISORY BODIES
5
. = Missing data
98
1 = Absence of sovereignty
28
2 = Absent
14 3 = Relatives of executive
2
4 = Favorites of executive
-
5 = Secret society
13
6 = Subordinate groups
3
7 = Hereditary
23
8 = Subordinate functionaries
89.
JUDICIARY
3
. = Missing data
103
1 = Absent
6
2 = Not local
49
3 = Executive
23
4 = Appointed by executive
1
5 = Priesthood
1
6 = Hereditary
90.
POLICE
6
. = Missing data
124
1 = Not specialized
4
2 = Incipient specialization
4
3 = Retainers of chiefs
6
4 = Military
42
5 = Specialized
91.
ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY
3
. = Missing data
98
1 = Absent
7
2 = Popular Assemblies
8
3 = Heads of kin groups
38
4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
31
5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions
1
6 = Part of centralized system
92.
SELECTION OF SUBORDINATE OFFICIALS
9
. = Missing data
98
1 = Absent
16
2 = Patrilineal succession
2
3 = Matrilineal succession
12
4 = Ruling lineage
2
5 = Seniority of age
4
6 = Personal qualities
10 7 = Formal election
33
8 = Appointment by executive
VARIABLES
93-98: SOURCES OF
POLITICAL POWER
93.
POLITICAL POWER- MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
94.
SECOND MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
95.
THIRD
96.
FOURTH
97.
FIFTH
98.
SIXTH
Number
of Cases for Each Variable:
93 94 95 96 97
98
-- -- -- -- --
--
1st
2nd 3rd 4th
5th 6th
. = Missing data 3 114
145 170 181
184
0 = Direct subsistence production 90
1 = Warfare wealth 11 5 6 3
2 = Tribute or taxes 3 4 1
1 1
3 = Slaves 13
12 4 1 2
4 = Contributions of free citizens
20 7 2
5 = Large land-holdings 12 5 1
6 = Political office 14 8 14
6 1
7 = Foreign Commerce 6 19 9 2
1 1
8 = Capitalistic enterprises 11
6 4 1
9 = Priestly services 3 6 2 1
<stds05.cod>
Murdock,
George P., and Caterina Provost.
1973. ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225.
Datafile:
STDS05.DAT Vars. 99-148 division of labor by age and sex
FOOD COLLECTION
99.
VEGETAL
100.
EGGS, INSECTS, AND/OR SMALL LAND FAUNA
101.
SHELLFISH/SMALL AQUATIC FAUNA
102.
HONEY
103.
FOWLING
104.
FISHING
105.
TRAPPING
106.
LARGE LAND FAUNA
107.
LARGE AQUATIC FAUNA
Number of
Cases for Each Variable:
99 100 101 102
103 104 105 106 107
-- --- --- ---
--- --- --- --- ---
. = Task Present, sex ? 34
48 22 20 2 10
1 2
-1 = No data on task 7
53 24 80 29 4
15 6 9
0 = Task absent 10
18 85 38 16 29
20 36 127
1 = Males exclusively 6
27 11 39 131 83 136 139 48
2 = Males predominant 4
3 4 5 5 45
12 5
3 = Equally 18 9 1
2 3 8 1
4 = Females predominant 42
13 12 5 1
5 = Females exclusively 65
15 27 2 2
FOOD PRODUCTION
108.
LAND CLEARANCE
109.
SOIL PREPARATION
110.
PLANTING
111.
CROP TENDING
112.
HARVESTING
113.
SMALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS
114.
LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
115.
MILKING
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
108 109 110 111
112 113 114 115
--- --- --- ---
--- --- --- ---
. = Task Present, sex ? 1
1 3 70 10
10
-1 = No data on task 2
2 1 4 1 6
2 1
0 = Task absent 44
49 44 48 44 13
76 127
1 = Males exclusively 95
66 27 22 10 19
54 15
2 = Males predominantly 34
27 35 23 37 8
24 2
3 = Equally 6 14 33
24 34 14 14 8
4 = Females predominant 3
17 26 30 34 12
3 2
5 = Females exclusively 1
10 20 32 26 44
3 21
FOOD PREPARATION
116.
VEGETAL
117.
BUTCHERING
118.
PRESERVATION
119.
DRINKS
120.
DAIRY
121.
COOKING
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
116 117 118 119
120 121
--- --- --- ---
--- ---
. = Task Present, sex ?
2 16 64 42 20
1
-1 = No data on task 8
19 25 16 8 1
0 = Task absent 2
8 31 37 130 2
1 = Males exclusively 3 122
18 15 4 2
2 = Males predominantly 1
9 2 3
3 = Equally 4 4 3
4
4 = Females predominant 21
4 3 4 63
5 = Females exclusively 145 4
40 65 24 117
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
122.
MINING/QUARRYING
123.
FUEL GATHERING
124.
LUMBERING
125.
WATER FETCHING
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
122 123 124 125
--- --- --- ---
. = Task Present, sex ? 6
11 16 25
-1 = No data on task
39 7 17 1
0 = Task absent 106
1 14
1 = Males exclusively 31
25 135 4
2 = Males predominantly 1
12 4 4
3 = Equally 2 12 8
4 = Females predominant 24
13
5 = Females exclusively 1
94 131
INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING
126.
SKINS
127.
SPINNING
128.
LOOM WEAVING
129.
SMELTING
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
126 127 128 129
--- --- --- ---
. = Task Present, sex ? 44
9 1
-1 = No data on task 13
30 16 24
0 = Task absent 48
56 81 125
1 = Males exclusively 39
7 24 37
2 = Males predominantly 4
3
3 = Equally 2 4 6
4 = Females predominant 5
5 8
5 = Females exclusively 31
72 50
MANUFACTURING
130.
MATMAKING
131.
NETMAKING
132.
BASKETMAKING
133.
ROPE OR CORDAGE
134.
LEATHER
135.
CLOTHING
136.
POTTERY
137.
WOOD
138.
BONE
139.
STONE
140.
METAL
141.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
130 131 132 133
134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
--- --- --- ---
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
-1 = No data on task 23
31 16 16 23 23
14 4 46 43 16
0 = Task absent 29
45 22 3 57 36
61 1 14 39 93
8
1 = Males exclusively 30
42 37 62 35 16
14 159 71 67
85 83
2 = Males predominantly 4
2 9 7 3 4
5 3 7 1 3
3 = Equally 9 5 15
18 2 11 6 1
2 6 1
4 = Females predominant
5 1 18 5 5
13 6 1
5 = Females exclusively 55
15 51 19 29 78
74 2 1
. = Task Present, sex ? 31
45 19 56 32 5
6 17 44 31 7
74
MISCELLANEOUS
142.
FIRE
143.
LAUNDERING
144.
BODILY MUTILATION
145.
BONESETTING/SURGERY
146.
BURDEN CARRYING
147.
BOATBUILDING
148.
HOUSEBUILDING
Number of Cases
for Each Variable:
142 143 144 145
146 147 148
--- --- --- ---
--- --- ---
. = Task Present, sex ? 96
9 45 17 6 5
6
-1 = No data on task 1
59 22 88 31 11
1
0 = Task absent 3
52 13 37 3 79
1
1 = Males exclusively 40
5 36 34 18 84 105
2 = Males predominantly 6
4 6 12 3 30
3 = Equally 16 4 48
4 46 3 14
4 = Females predominant 4
8 6 34 9
5 = Females exclusively 20 49 12
36 1 20
<stds06.cod>
Murdock,
George P., and Caterina Provost.
1971. ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392.
Datafile:
STDS06.DAT Vars. 149-158 cultural
complexity
149.
SCALE 1- WRITING AND RECORDS
73
1 = None
49 2 = Mnemonic
devices
21
3 = Nonwritten records
12
4 = True writing; no records
31
5 = True writing; records
150.
SCALE 2- FIXITY OF RESIDENCE
28
1 = Nomadic
21
2 = Seminomadic
20
3 = Semisedentary
15
4 = Sedentary; impermanent
102
5 = Sedentary
151.
SCALE 3- AGRICULTURE
38
1 = None
17
2 = 10% food supply
11
3 = 10%; secondary
63
4 = Primary; not intensive
57
5 = Primary; intensive
152.
SCALE 4- URBANIZATION
56
1 = fewer than 100 persons
43
2 = 100-199 persons
33
3 = 200-399 persons
30
4 = 400-999 persons
24
5 = 1000 persons
153.
SCALE 5- TECHNOLOGICAL
SPECIALIZATION
39
1 = None
27
2 = Pottery only
31
3 = Loom weaving only
56
4 = Metalwork only
33
5 = Smiths, weavers, potters
154.
SCALE 6- LAND TRANSPORT
108
1 = Human only
42
2 = Pack animals
14
3 = Draft animals
11
4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
11
5 = Automotive vehicles
155. SCALE 7-
MONEY
77
1 = None
14
2 = Domestically usable articles
43
3 = Alien currency
27
4 = Elementary forms
25
5 = True money
156. SCALE 8-
DENSITY OF POPULATION
58
1 = less than 1 person/square mile
25
2 = 1-5 persons/square mile
28
3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile
35
4 = 26-100 persons/square mile
40
5 = 100 persons/square mile
157.
SCALE 9- POLITICAL INTEGRATION
11
1 = None
72
2 = Autonomous local communities
46
3 = 1 level above community
28
4 = 2 levels above community
29
5 = 3 levels above community
158.
SCALE 10- SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
65
1 = Egalitarian
52
2 = Hereditary slavery
19
3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
20
4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
30
5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery
<stds07.cod>
Broude,Gwen,
and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429.
Datafile:
STDS07.DAT Vars. 159-178 sexual
practices and attitudes
159.
TALK ABOUT SEX
126
. = Missing data
18
1 = Adults and adults talk
explicitly
2
2 = Except with children
13 3 = Except with certain people
9
4 = Only with intimates
18
5 = Never
160.
SEX FREQUENCY IN MARRIAGE
120
. = Missing data
11
1 = No abstinence
40
2 = Abstinence at times
6
3 = Moderation
9
4 = Abstinence admired
161.
SEX BELIEVED DANGEROUS
152
. = Missing data
14
1 = Absent
4
2 = With specific categories
9
3 = Only unusual practices
1
4 = Only sexual secretions
6
5 = Always
162.
FOREPLAY
151
. = Missing data
18
1 = Present
4
2 = Minimal
13
3 = Absent
163.
AGE FOR CLOTHING- MALE
147
. = Missing data
6
1 = Never
1
2 = Adulthood
9
3 = Puberty
19
4 = Toddler to puberty
1
5 = Toddler
3
6 = At birth
164.
AGE FOR CLOTHING- FEMALE
138
. = Missing data
4
1 = Never
2 2 = Adulthood
7
3 = Puberty
27
4 = Toddler to puberty
5
5 = Toddler
3
6 = At birth
165.
PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES- FEMALE
56
. = Missing data
30
1 = Expected
28
2 = Tolerated
22
3 = Mildly disapproved
11
4 = Moderately disapproved
4
5 = Disallowed
35
6 = Strongly disapproved
166.
FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX-
MALE
84
. = Missing data
60
1 = Universal
18
2 = Moderate
11
3 = Occasional
13
4 = Uncommon
167.
FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX-
FEMALE
77
. = Missing data
51
1 = Universal
19
2 = Moderate
16
3 = Occasional
23
4 = Uncommon
168.
INITIATOR OF PREMARITAL SEX
156
. = Missing data
5
1 = Women always
-
2 = Women more than men
9
3 = Both equally
5
4 = Men more than women
11
5 = Men always
169.
EXTRAMARITAL SEX
77
. = Missing data
13
1 = Single standard- both allowed
48
2 = Double standard- husband only
24
3 = Double standard- both forbidden, women punished more
24
4 = Single standard- both
condemned equally
170.
FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX-
MALE
135
. = Missing data
6
1 = Universal
29
2 = Moderate
6
3 = Occasional
10
4 = Uncommon
171.
FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX-
FEMALE
133
. = Missing data
6
1 = Universal
23
2 = Moderate
9
3 = Occasional
15
4 = Uncommon
172.
WIFESHARING
83
. = Missing data
4
1 = For any reason
11
2 = Vis-a-vis specific group
men
5
3 = Vis-a-vis specific man
7
4 = Occasionally for sex
gratification
3
5 = For husband's economic benefit
11
6 = Aside from sex
gratification
62
7 = None
173.
RAPE
147
. = Missing data
9
1 = Accepted/ignored
4
2 = Ridiculed
8
3 = Mildly disapproved
18
4 = Strongly disapproved
174.
FREQUENCY OF RAPE
155
. = Missing data
8
1 = Absent
10
2 = Rare
13
3 = Common
175.
MALE SEXUAL AGGRESSIVENESS
126
. = Missing data
5
1 = Men diffident, shy
7
2 = Men sexually forward but not
diffident
26
3 = Men forward verbally
7
4 = Men forward physically
6
5 = Men forward; hostile
occasionally
9
6 = Men forward; hostile
typically
176.
HOMOSEXUALITY
146
. = Missing data
9
1 = Accepted/ignored
4
2 = None
6
3 = Ridiculed, no punishment
4
4 = Mildly disapproved
17
5 = Strongly disapproved
177.
FREQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUALITY
117
. = Missing data
40
1 = Absent
29
2 = Present
178.
IMPOTENCE
149
. = Missing data
7
1 = No concern
30
2 = Concern
<stds08.cod>
Whiting,
John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published)
Datafile:
STDS08.DAT Vars. 179-199 climate
These
codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to
the
time and place of each societal focus.
179.
LATITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
0 = Min (Equator)
80 = Max (Pole)
180.
LATITUDE HEMISPHERE
128
1 = North
52
2 = South
181.
LONGITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
0 = Min (Greenwich Meridian passes
through London)
180 = Max (mid-Pacific Meridian)
182.
LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE
104
3 = East
75
4 = West
183.
ALTITUDE IN METERS
0 = Min
3822 = Max
184.
YEARS OF OBSERVATION--TEMPERATURE
00 = Min (l900)
70 = Max (l970)
185.
YEARS OF OBSERVATION--PRECIPITATION
00 = Min (l900)
73 = Max (l973)
186.
MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (xC)
-16 = Min
29 = Max
187.
HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
3 = Min
46 = Max
188.
COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
-28 = Min
44 = Max
189.
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm)
0 = Min
4819 = Max
190.
MEAN DAILY MIN COLDEST MONTH (xC)
-61 = Min
24 = Max
191.
MEAN DAILY MAX HOTTEST MONTH (xC)
-2 = Min
41 = Max
192.
HIGHEST PRECIPITATION IN WETTEST MONTH (mm)
0 = Min
670 = Max
193.
LOWEST PRECIPITATION IN DRYEST MONTH (mm)
0 = Min
295 = Max
194.
WETTEST MONTH
11
1 = Jan
-
2 = Feb
2
3 = March
6
4 = Apr
12
5 = May
20
6 = June
39
7 = July
38
8 = Aug
23
9 = Sept
15
10 = Oct
5
11 = Nov
7
12 = Dec
195.
DRYEST MONTH
52
1 = Jan
36
2 = Feb
12
3 = March
11
4 = Apr
4
5 = May
10
6 = June
16
7 = July
8
8 = Aug
3
9 = Sept
2
10 = Oct
4
11 = Nov
20
12 = Dec
196.
NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS
76
0 = None
8
1 =
13
2 =
10
3 =
19
4 =
13
5 =
15
6 =
10
7 =
8
8 =
1
9 =
3
10 =
1
11 =
9
12 =
197.
HOTTEST MONTH
2
1 = Jan
5
2 = Feb
11
3 = Mar
23
4 = Apr
30
5 = May
13
6 = June
66
7 = July
18
8 = Aug
7
9 = Sept
2
10 = Oct
2
11 = Nov
24
12 = Dec
198.
COLDEST MONTH
117
1 = Jan
14
2 = Feb
1
3 = Mar
1
4 = Apr
-
5 = May
4
6 = June
7
7 = July
8 8 = Aug
1
9 = Sept
2
10 = Oct
1
11 = Nov
22
12 = Dec
Note distribution of sample and earth's
population is more towards the
cold Northerly regions (coldest in
January) than the cold
Southerly
regions (coldest in July).
199.
NUMBER OF FROST MONTHS
158
0 = None
1
1 =
-
2 =
-
3 =
-
4 =
1
5 =
1
6 =
7
7 =
3
8 =
6
9 =
2
10 =
5 11 =
2
12 =
<stds09.cod>
Murdock,
George P. 1962-1971. Installments in ETHNOLOGY.
Datafile:
Vars. 200-292 Ethnographic Atlas codes (diverse)
STDS09.DAT 200-231
STDS10.DAT 232-268
STDS11.DAT 269
STDS12.DAT 270-292
200.
REGION
28
1 = Africa
Exclusive of Madagascar and
the Sahara
28
2 = Circum-Mediterranean
North Africa, Europe, Turkey,
Caucasus, Semitic Near East
34
3 = East Eurasia
including Madagascar and
Islands in Indian Ocean
31
4 = Insular Pacific
including Australia,
Indonesia, Formosa, Phillipines
33
5 = North America
indigenous societies to the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec
32
6 = South America
including Antilles, Yucatan,
Central America
201.
AREA
1 - 10 (Murdock 1962, ETHNOLOGY 1:
124-134)
1 AFRICA 2 CIRCUM 3 E
EUR 4 INS PAC 5 N AMER
6 S AMER
1 Afr. Hunters Ethiop-Horn Middle East
Phl-Formosa Arctic Amer C.America
2 S.Afr. Bantu Mosl. Sudan Cntrl. Asia
W.Indonesia N.W.Coast Caribbean
3 C. Bantu Sahara Arctic Asia
E.Indonesia California Guiana
4 N.E.Bantu N. Africa East Asia New Guinea
Gr.Basin-Pl Lower Amaz
5 Equit. Bantu S. Europe Himalayas
Australia Plains Inner Amaz
6 Guinea Coast Overseas E. N.-C.India Micronesia
Prarie Andes
7 W. Sudan N.W. Europe South India W.Melanesia E.Woodlands Chile-Pata
8 Nigerian Pt. E. Europe Indian Ocn. E.Melanesia Southwest Gran Chago
9 E. Sudan Turk-Caus. Assam-Burma
W.Polynesia N.W.Mexico Mato Grosso
0 Upper Nile Sem.Near E. S.E.Asia
E.Polynesia C.Mexico E. Brazil
202.
EA NUMBER
1 - 51 (Within Area)
203-207: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY: PERCENTAGE
DEPENDENCE
203.
DEPENDENCE ON GATHERING
204.
DEPENDENCE ON HUNTING
205.
DEPENDENCE ON FISHING
206.
DEPENDENCE ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
207.
DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE
Number of Cases
for Variables:
203 204
205 206 207
Gath Hunt
Fish Anim Agri
0 =
0 - 5% Dependence 86 64
57 77 44
1 =
6 - 15% 51 47
55 39 11
2 = 16 - 25% 23 33 29
29 4
3 = 26 - 35% 9 19 14
19 2
4 = 36 - 45% 9 11
12 7 16
5 = 46 - 55% 4 5 11
3 36
6 = 56 - 65% 3 3 5
2 39
7 = 66 - 75% - 2 1
1 17
8 = 76 - 85% 1 1
1 4 13
9 = 86 - 100% - 1 1
5 4
208.
MODE OF MARRIAGE
209.
MODE OF MARRIAGE (ALTERNATE)
208 209
Mode Altern
1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's
family 71 9
2 = Dowry, to bride from her
family 24 15
3 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal 16 4
4 = Absence of Consideration 15 -
5 = Bride-Service, to bride's
family 9 3
6 = Token Bride-price 42 -
7 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged
for Bride 9 9
9 = No Alternative 146
210.
DOMESTIC ORGANIZATION
1
. = Missing Data
14
1 = Independent Nuclear Family, Monogamous
43
2 = Independent Nuclear Family, occasional Polygyny
3
3 = Independent Polyandrous Families
6
4 = Polygynous: Unusual Co-wives Pattern (4, 6 below)
21
5 = Polygynous: Usual Co-Wife Pattern (3, 5 below)
12
6 = Minimal (stem) extended families
44
7 = Small Extended Families
42
8 = Large Extended Families
211.
COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC GROUP
1
. = Missing Data
14
1 = Independent Nuclear, Monogamous
43
2 = Independent Nuclear, Occasional Polygyny
4
3 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
1
4 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives separate dwellings
17
5 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in separate dwellings
5
6 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
3
7 = Independent Polyandrous Families
98
9 = Extended Family
212.
MARITAL COMPOSITION WITHIN EXTENDED FAMILIES
21
1 = Monogamy
39
2 = Occasional or limited polygyny
12
3 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives in same dwelling
1
4 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
16
5 = Non-sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
9
6 = Non-sororal polygyny, co-wives in same dwelling
88
9 = Polyandry, or no extended family
213.
MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: FIRST YEARS
1
. = Missing Data
147
-1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
4
0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
30
2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1
4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
4
7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
214.
TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: FIRST YEARS
1
. = Missing Data
147
-1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#216)
3
1 = Wife to Husband's Group (7 above)
1
2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (4 above)
30
3 = Husband to Wife's Group (2 above)
4
9 = No Common Residence (0 above)
*
Note: get rid of this variable (redundant)
215.
MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: AFTER FIRST YEARS
1
. = Missing Data
1
0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
16
1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
14
2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1
3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
15
4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
8
5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
1
6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
41 7 = Virilocal: with
husband's parents
71
8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
17
9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
216.
TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: AFTER FIRST YEARS
1
. = Missing Data
121
1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
33
2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
30
3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
1
9 = No Common Residence (0 above)
217.
MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: ALTERNATE FORM
1
. = Missing Data
107
-1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
-
0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
-
1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
28
2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1
3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
2
4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
9
5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
-
6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
16
7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
2
8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
20
9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
218.
TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: ALTERNATE FORM
1
. = Missing Data
107
-1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
27
1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
23
2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
28
3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
219.
COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION
220.
COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION (Alternate)
219 220
Cmnty.
Altern.
. = Missing Data 4
-
1 = Demes (not segmented into clan
barrios) 17 -
2 = Segmented communities without local
exogamy 40 3
3 = Agamous communities 66 -
4 = Exogamous communities (not
clans) 28 -
5 = Segmented communities (containing
localized
clans) with local exogamy 2 -
6 = Clan communities (or clan
barrios) 29 -
9 = No secondary organization -
183
221.
LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
222.
LARGEST PATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
223.
LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
224.
LARGEST MATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
Patrilineal Matrilineal
221 222 223
224
Largest Exog.
. = Missing Data 1 - 1
-
1 = None 104 - 144 -
2 = Exogamous Group - -
3 -
3 = Lineages in a Single Community 18 12 7 2
4 = Sibs (Lineages in Multiple
Communities) 42 5 15
3
5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended
Sibs) 15 - 5 -
6 = Moieties 6 - 11 -
7 = No Difference 169 181
225.
COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
226.
SECONDARY COGNATIC KIN GROUP: WHERE BOTH KINDREDS AND RAMAGES
225 226
Cogn. 2nd
. = Missing Data 1 -
1 = Bilateral descent 48 -
2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral
kin-groups 27 2
3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true
ramages - -
4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented
ambilineal groups 7 1
5 = Exogamous ramages 2 -
6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based,
not descent 4 -
9 = Unilineal descent groups 97
9 = No Secondary cognatic group 183
227.
NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
228.
NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred)
*
Note changein order from 227 229 228 230 239
227 228
Alwd.
Pref.
. = Missing Data 13 2
1 = All four cousins 25 -
2 = Three of four cousins 8 -
3 = Two of four cousins (e.g.,
paternal) 44 19
4 = One of four cousins (e.g.,
FaBrDa) 6 36
5 = No first cousins 19 4
6 = First and some second cousins
excluded 2 2
7 = No first, unknown for second 27 -
8 = No first or second cousins 42 -
9 = No preferential or prescriptive
unions 123
229.
SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
230.
SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred) 228
229 230
Alwd. Pref.
. = Missing Data 13 2
1 = FaSiDa - 5
2 = Paternal (FBD if only one) 1 8
3 = Uncle's Da - -
4 = Other 165 25
5 = Aunt's Da - -
6 = Maternal 1 -
8 = MoBrDa 6 23
9 = No preferential or prescriptive
unions 123
231.
KIN TERMS FOR COUSINS
14
. = Missing Data
16
1 = Descriptive terms, e.g. 'mothers brothers son'
1
2 = Siblings, cross and parallel cousins distinguished
but not by descriptive terms
45
3 = Cross cousins versus parallel are siblings
4
4 = Mixed or deviant
14
5 = Generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down
15
6 = Generational merging; MoBrCh down; FaSCh up
23
7 = Cousins versus siblings
54
8 = Siblings plus cousins equated
<stds10.cod>
232.
INTENSITY OF CULTIVATION
42
1 = No agriculture
10
2 = Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence modes
55
3 = Extensive or shifting agriculture, long fallow, and new
fields cleared annually
18
4 = Horticulture, vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees
32
5 = Intensive agriculture, using fertilization, crop rotation,
or other techniques to shorten
or eliminate fallow period
29
6 = Intensive irrigated agriculture
233.
MAJOR CROP TYPE
44
1 = None or none specified
-
2 = Non-food crops only, such as cotton or tobacco
-
3 = Vegetables
13
4 = Tree fruits
38
5 = Roots or tubers
91
6 = Cereal grains
234.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
26
1 = Nomadic or fully migratory
24
2 = Seminomadic
13
3 = Semisedentary
3
4 = Compact but impermanent settlements
20
5 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family homesteads
17
6 = Separated hamlets, forming a single community
75
7 = Compact and relatively permanent settlements
8
8 = Complex settlements
235.
MEAN SIZE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
38
. = Missing data
31
1 = Fewer than 50
29
2 = 50-99
24
3 = 100-199
17
4 = 200-399
12
5 = 400-1000
4
6 = 1,000 without any town of more than 5000
10
7 = One or more towns of 5,000-50,000
21
8 = One or more cities of more than 50,000
236.
JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
45
3 = Two levels (theoretical minimum, e.g., family and band)
117
4 = Three levels
24
5 = Four levels (e.g., nuclear family, extended family,
clan barrios, village levels)
*
Note: Recode this variable 2-4
237.
JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY BEYOND LOCAL COMMUNITY
2
. = Missing data
82
1 = No levels (no political authority beyond community)
48
2 = One level (e.g., petty chiefdoms)
23
3 = Two levels (e.g., larger chiefdoms)
19
4 = Three levels (e.g., states)
12
5 = Four levels (e.g., large states)
238.
HIGH GODS
18
. = Missing data
68
1 = Absent or not reported
47
2 = Present but not active in human affairs
13
3 = Present and active in human affairs but not
supportive of human
morality
40
4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality
239.
GAMES
The code below can also be expressed in
a semi-order or partial Guttman
scale, as there are five latent classes
or dominant scale types:
for P C S, these are - - - + - -
+ + - + - + + + +
14
. = Missing data
12
1 = None of the three types
64
2 = Physical skill
1
3 = Chance
4
4 = Strategy
47
5 = Skill and chance
22
6 = Skill and strategy
-
7 = Chance and strategy
22
8 = All
240.
POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS
79
. = Missing data
5
1 = None
24
2 = No longer than 1 month
33
3 = 1 to 6 months
8
4 = 6 months to 1 year
19
5 = More than one year to two years
18
6 = More than two years
241.
MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
5
. = Missing data
131
0 = Absent
5
1 = Within first two months after birth
1
2 = Two months to two years
5
3 = Two to five years
16
4 = Six to ten years
17
5 = 11 to 15 years
2
6 = 16 to 25 years
-
7 = 25 to 50 years
1
8 = After 50 years
3
9 = Normal age unclear
242.
SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
29
. = Missing data
108
1 = Absence
19
2 = Partial
8
3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
4
4 = Complete, with non-relatives
18 5 = Complete, with peers
243.
ANIMALS AND PLOW CULTIVATION
153
1 = Absent (no plow animals)
2
2 = Not aboriginal but well established at period
of observation
31
3 = Prior to contract
244.
PREDOMINANT TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
55
1 = Absence or near absence of large domestic animals
30
2 = Pigs the only large domestic animals
15
3 = Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals
10
4 = Equine animals (horses, donkeys)
3
5 = Deer (reindeer)
5
6 = Camels, alpacas, or llamas
68
7 = Bovine animals (cattle, mithun, water buffalo, yaks)
245.
MILKING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
129
1 = Little or no milking, or insufficient information
57
2 = Milked more often than sporadically
246.
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
15
1 = Gathering
19
2 = Fishing
12
3 = Hunting
16
4 = Pastoral
22
5 = Incipient agriculture
45
6 = Extensive agriculture
57
7 = Intensive agriculture
Note: this is a poor code, not in the
original, and should be replaced
247.
DESCENT: MAJOR TYPE (From Variables 121-126)
72
1 = Patrilineal
9
2 = Duolateral
27
3 = Matrilineal
5
4 = Quasi-lineages
8
5 = Ambilineal
65
6 = Bilateral
248.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN METAL WORKING
249.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN WEAVING
250.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN LEATHER WORKING
251.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN POTTERY MAKING
252.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN BOAT BUILDING
253.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
*
Note changes in order from 248 250 252 254 256 258
* 248 249 250 251 252 253
* MET WEA LEA POT BOA
HOU
. = Missing data 2 13
48 15 26 35 .
1 = Males alone or almost alone 79 20 32
10 75 91 M
2 = Males appreciably more 1 3
1 2 5 17 N
3 = Differentiation but equal
participation - 5
- 4 - 19 D
4 = Equal partic. w/out marked
differentiation - - 1 2 -
4 E
5 = Females appreciably more - 1
3 2 - 5 G
6 = Females alone or almost alone - 48 32 72
1 14 F
7 = Gender irrelevant, esp.
industrialized 1 -
- 1 - - I
8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 1 9 22
20 19 1 P
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 102 87 47 58
60 - O
254.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN METAL WORKING
255.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN WEAVING
256.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN LEATHER WORKING
257.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN POTTERY MAKING
258.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN BOAT BUILDING
259.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
*
Note changes in order from 249 251 253 255 257 259
* 249 250 251 252 253
254
* MET WEA LEA POT BOA
HOU
. = Missing data 2 13 48
15 26 35
0 = Performed by any or most
adults 4 69
73 89 88 137
1 = Junior age specialization (before
puberty) - - - -
- -
2 = Senior age specialization (beyond
prime) - - -
- - -
3 = Craft specialization 76 16
18 23 12 14
4 = Industrialized specialization 2 1 - 1
- -
9 = Activity absent 102 87
47 58 60 -
*
Note: check which is missing
data
260.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN GATHERING
261.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUNTING
262.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN FISHING
263.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
264.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURE
*
Note changes in order from 260 262 264 266 268
* 260 261 262 263 264
* GAT HUN FIS ANI AGR
. = Missing data 23 6
12 21 7
0
1
1 = Males alone or almost alone 4 153 66
37 17
2 = Males appreciably more 5 2
43 23 38
3 = Differentiation but equal
participation 3 -
10 18 14
4 = Equal partic. w/out marked
differentiation 11 - 8
14 25
5 = Females appreciably more 24 -
5 4 36
6 = Females alone or almost alone 64 - 3 12
6
7 = Gender irrelevant, esp.
industrialized
8 = Activity present: sex partic.
unspecified 4 -
1 2 -
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 48 25 38 55
42
265.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN GATHERING
266.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HUNTING
267.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN FISHING
268.
AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
. AGRICULTURE (NOT CODED)
*
Note changes in order from 261 263 265 267
* 265 266 267 268
* GAT HUN FIS ANI
. = Missing data 23 6
12 21
0 = Performed by any or most
adults 114 147 126 104
1 = Junior age specialization (before
puberty) 1 1 - 4
2 = Senior age specialization (beyond
prime)
3 = Craft specialization - 7
10 3
4 = Industrialized specialization - - - -
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 48 25 38 55
<stds11.cod>
269.
Murdock's Language Code: Revised in a later issue; no codes here.
<stds12.cod>
270.
CLASS STRATIFICATION
271.
CLASS STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY FEATURE
* 270 271
Class Secd.
. = Missing data - -
1 = Absence among freemen 76 -
2 = Wealth distinctions 45 3
3 = Elite (based on control of
land
or other resources) 3 4
4 = Dual (hereditary aristocracy) 37 4
5 = Complex (social classes) 25 2
9 = No second type or absence of
stratification 173
272.
CASTE STRATIFICATION (ENDOGAMY)
273.
CASTE STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY TYPE
* 272 273
Caste
Secd.
. = Missing data 5 -
1 = Absent or insignificant 154 -
2 = Despised occupational group(s) 17 1
3 = Ethnic stratification 3 1
4 = Complex 7 -
9 = No second type or absence of
stratification 184
274.
TYPE OF SLAVERY
6
. = Missing data
100
1 = Absence or near absence
27
2 = Incipient or nonhereditary
9
3 = Reported but type not identified
44
4 = Hereditary and socially significant
275.
FORMER PRESENCE OF SLAVERY
136
1 = Absent or no difference from preceding column
50
2 = Formerly present
276.
SUCCESSION TO THE OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN
23
. = Missing data
58
1 = Patrilineal heir
17
2 = Matrilineal heir
5
3 = Nonhereditary (appointed by higher authority)
7
4 = Nonhereditary on basis of seniority or age
9
5 = Nonhereditary through influence (wealth or
social status)
24
6 = Nonhereditary through election or other
formal consensus
23
7 = Nonhereditary through informal consensus
20
9 = Absence of any such office
277.
SUCCESSION TO OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN, BREAKDOWN OF HEREDITARY
SUCCESSION
23
. = Missing data
44
1 = Hereditary by a son (patrilineal)
14
2 = Hereditary by other patrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
8
3 = Hereditary by a sister's son (matrilineal)
9
4 = Hereditary by other matrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
88
9 = Nonhereditary or absence of any such office
RULE OR PRACTICE FOR INHERITANCE
278. INHERITANCE
OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND)
279.
INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
*
Note change in order from 278 280 278 279
Land Movables
. = Missing data 31
34
1 = Absence of individual property
rights or rules 59 22
2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons) 4 5
3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g.,
younger brothers) 9 9
4 = Children, with daughters receiving
less 12 14
5 = Children, equally for both
sexes 9 22
6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g.,
younger brothers) 8 9
7 = Patrilineal (sons) 54 71
DISTRIBUTION OF INHERITANCE AMONG
INDIVIDUALS OF SAME CATEGORY
280.
INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
281.
INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
*
Note change in order from 279 281 280 281
Land Movables
. = Missing data or absense of rights
(#1 above) 91 55
1 = Equal or relatively equal 54 86
2 = Exclusively or predominantly to
the one adjudged best qualified 6 6
3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior
individual) 4 5
4 = Primogeniture (to the senior
individual) 28 27
9 = Missing data Note: Change 9 to "." 3 7
282.
NORMS OF PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR OF GIRLS
40
. = Missing data
13
1 = Early marriage of females (at or before puberty)
38
2 = Insistence on virginity
37
3 = Prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent
16
4 = Allowed, censured only if pregnancy results
5
5 = Trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited
37
6 = Freely permitted, even if pregnancy results
283.
PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: GROUND PLAN
4
. = Missing data
1
1 = Semicircular
59
2 = Circular
6
3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
-
4 = Polygonal
107
5 = Rectangular or square
9
6 = Quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court
284.
PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: FLOOR LEVEL
5
. = Missing data
13
1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
138
2 = Floor formed by ground
12
3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
18
4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers
285.
PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL
65
. = Missing data
12
1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
19 2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
33
3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
1
4 = Bark
1
5 = Hides or skin
6
6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
17
7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle
14
8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
17
9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
-
10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
*)= Walls indistinguishable from
roof
*
Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
286.
PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: SHAPE OF ROOF
10
. = Missing data
10
1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
20
2 = Dome or hemisphere
7
3 = Beehive with pointed peak
34
4 = Conical
2
5 = Semi-hemisphere
6
6 = Shad (one slope)
14
7 = Flat or horizontal
68
8 = Gabled (two slopes)
15
9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)
287.
PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS
10
. = Missing data
2
1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
3
2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
10
3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
6
4 = Bark
5
5 = Hides or skin
5
6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric
9
7 = Mats
118
8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
18
9 = Earth or turf
10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
*
Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
288.
SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: GROUND PLAN
2
1 = Semicircular
18
2 = Circular
3
3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
-
4 = Polygonal
38
5 = Rectangular or square
7
6 = Quadrangular around (or partially around) an inner court
118
9 = No secondary type
289.
SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: FLOOR LEVEL
1
. = Missing data
1
1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
50
2 = Floor formed by ground
8
3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
8
4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers
118
9 = No secondary type
290.
SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: WALL MATERIAL
145
. = Missing data or no secondary type
7
1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
5
2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
10 3 = Wood, including logs,
planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
3
4 = Bark
-
5 = Hides or skin
2
6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
3
7 = Mats, latticework or wattle
3
8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
8
9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
-
10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
)= Walls indistinguishable from
roof
*
Note: separate . and 0
*
Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
291.
SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: SHAPE OF ROOF
119
. = Missing data or no secondary type
-
1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
1
2 = Dome or hemisphere
-
3 = Beehive with pointed peak
16
4 = Conical
2
5 = Semi-hemisphere
2
6 = Shad (one slope)
7
7 = Flat or horizontal
31
8 = Gabled (two slopes)
8
9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)
*
Note: separate . and 0
292.
SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: ROOFING MATERIALS
120
. = Missing data or no secondary type
3
1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
1
2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3
3 = Wood, incl. logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
1
4 = Bark
5
5 = Hides or skin
2
6 = Felt, cloth or other fabric
4
7 = Mats
42
8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
5
9 = Earth or turf
10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
*
Note: separate . and 0
*
Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
<stds13.cod>
Barry,
Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall
1976.
ETHNOLOGY 15:83-114.
Datafile:
STDS13.DAT Vars. 293-336 childhood
293.
Duration of Early Childhood
87
1 = short (ending at about 7 years of age)
36
2 = medium (ending at about 9 years of age)
56 3 = long (ending at
about 11 years of age or later)
7
. = Missing data
294.
Fortitude: Early Boy
295.
Fortitude: Early Girl
296.
Fortitude: Late Boy
297.
Fortitude: Late Girl
Early Late
Boy Girl Boy
Girl
. = Missing data 46 55
31 41
0 = no inculcation, or opposite
trait - - - -
1 = - 1 - -
2 = 17 19 3 5
3 = 16 17 5 11
4 = 11 13 11
9
5 = moderately strong inculcation 61
60 40 50
6 = 24 15 49 44
7 = 3 1 14 12
8 =
6 3 24 12
9 = 2 2 8 12
extremely strong inculcation -
- 1 -
298.
Aggression: Early Boy
299.
Aggression: Early Girl
300.
Aggression: Late Boy
301.
Aggression: Late Girl
. = Missing data 53 68
38 58
0 = no inculcation, or opposite
trait - - - -
1 = 6 7 4
5
2 = 25 30 9 16
3 = 14 15 11 16
4 = 7 10 9 10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 40
30 40 38
6 = 28 17 43 26
7 = 1 2 5 5
8 = 8 5 19 10
9 = 3
1 6 1
extremely strong inculcation 1
1 2 1
302.
Competitiveness: Early Boy
303.
Competitiveness: Early Girl
304.
Competitiveness: Late Boy
305.
Competitiveness: Late Girl
. = Missing data 75 80
51 60
0 = no inculcation, or opposite
trait 6 6 5 5
1 = - - - -
2 = 21 21 15
17
3 = 15 15 18 16
4 = 9 9 9 10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 38
35 42 44
6 = 18
18 30 25
7 = 2 1 2 1
8 = - - 11 7
9 = 2 1 3 1
306.
Self-reliance: Early Boy
307.
Self-reliance: Early Girl
308.
Self-reliance: Late Boy
309.
Self-reliance: Late Girl
. = Missing data 31 33
26 33
0 = no inculcation, or opposite
trait 1 2 1
1
1 = 7 8 4 5
2 = 39 48 6 10
3 = 27 29 5 15
4 = 9 11 5
10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 42
35 34 48
6 = 16 12 39 34
7 = 2 4 6 6
8 =
10 4 48 19
9 = 2 - 11 4
extremely strong inculcation -
- 1 1
310.
Achievement: Early Boy
311.
Achievement: Early Girl
312.
Achievement: Late Boy
313.
Achievement: Late Girl
. = Missing data 40 50
24 33
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 1 1 - -
1 = 3 2 1 2
2 = 49 49 14 7
3 = 23 24 16 16
4 = 4 4 8 8
5 = moderately strong inculcation 44
36 46 51
6 = 17 17 47 45
7 = 1 1 3 4
8 = 3 2 22 18
9 =
1 - 5 2
314.
Industry: Early Boy
315.
Industry: Early Girl
316.
Industry: Late Boy
317.
Industry: Late Girl
. = Missing data 20 21
11 11
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 4 3 - -
1 = 10 3 1 -
2 = 83 62 10 4
3 = 28 35 17 11
4 = 14 13 16 6
5 = moderately strong inculcation 20
35 69 41
6 = 6 14 37 63
7 = - - 3
8
8 = 1 - 19 38
9 = - - 3 4
extremely strong inculcation
318.
Responsibility: Early Boy
319.
Responsibility: Early Girl
320.
Responsibility: Late Boy
321.
Responsibility: Late Girl
. = Missing data 35 36
25 28
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 11 4 3 -
1 = 8
5 - -
2 = 73 63 15 3
3 = 23 32 20 11
4 = 6 5 15 12
5 = moderately strong inculcation 21
33 49 50
6 = 8 7 37 51
7 = - - 2 3
8 = 1 1 19 28
9 = - - 1 -
322.
Obedience: Early Boy
323.
Obedience: Early Girl
324.
Obedience: Late Boy
325.
Obedience: Late Girl
. = Missing data 26 25
24 24
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 2 - 1
-
1 = 3 3 1 -
2 = 27 23 15 10
3 = 11 13 10
10
4 = 14 11 12 11
5 = moderately strong inculcation 45
44 45 45
6 = 27 31 33 36
7 = 2 2 2
3
8 = 22 25 32 32
9 = 4 5 8 11
extremely strong inculcation 3 4 3 4
326.
Self-restraint: Early Boy
327.
Self-restraint: Early Girl
328.
Self-restraint: Late Boy
329.
Self-restraint: Late Girl
. = Missing data 52 53
51 54
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait - - - -
1 = 6 7 1 1
2 = 38 32 19 16
3 = 35 31 19 16
4 = 5 7 12 11
5 = moderately strong inculcation 29
34 35 45
6 = 13 14 26 26
7 = - - 2 1
8 = 8 7 20
13
9 = - 1 1 3
330.
Sexual restraint: Early Boy
331.
Sexual restraint: Early Girl
332.
Sexual restraint: Late Boy
333.
Sexual restraint: Late Girl
. = Missing data 30 32
22 21
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 1 1 - -
1 = 14 11 7 4
2 = 67 57 41 32
3 = 22 19 27 18
4 = 14 14 25 25
5 = moderately strong inculcation 30
32 41 24
6 = 7 14 15 27
7 = - 1 2 6
8 = 1 5 6 18
9 = - - - 5
extremely strong inculcation - - - 6
334.
Generosity
. = Missing data 82
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait -
1 = 1
2 = 4
3 = 6
4 = 4
5 = moderately strong
inculcation 24
6 = 31
7 = 2
8 = 27
9 = 4
extremely strong
inculcation 1
335.
Trust
. = Missing data 48
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 1
1 = 6
2 = 19
3 = 5
4 = 15
5 = moderately strong
inculcation 34
6 = 18
7 = 11
8 = 25
9 = 3
extremely strong
inculcation 1
336.
Honesty
. = Missing data 76
0 = no inculcation or opposite
trait 1
1 = 5
2 = 18
3 = 15
4 = 12
5 = moderately strong
inculcation 28
6 = 16
7 = 5
8 = 8
9 = 1
extremely strong
inculcation 1
<stds14.cod>
Barry,
Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall 1977. ETHNOLOGY 16:191-230.
Datafile:
Vars. 337-480 child training
STDS14.DAT Vars. 337-376 STDS15.DAT
Vars. 377-404
STDS16.DAT Vars. 405-432 STDS17.DAT
Vars. 433-460
STDS18.DAT Vars. 461-480
337.
Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Boy
338.
Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Girl
339.
Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Boy
340.
Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Girl
Early Late
Boy Girl Boy
Girl
. = Missing data 6 6
6 8
1 = Parents predominantly 2 2
1 1
2 = Siblings; not other children 11 12 3 8
3 = Primarily siblings, secondarily
other children 104 105
80 91
4 = Primarily other children,
secondarily
siblings 45 44 47 37
5 = Other children; not siblings 18 17 49 41
341.
Sex of Companions: Early Boy
342.
Sex of Companions: Early Girl
343.
Sex of Companions: Late Boy
344.
Sex of Companions: Late Girl
. = Missing data 6 6
6 8
1 = Male exclusively 6 -
58 -
2 = Male predominantly 62 -
90 1
3 = Both sexes equally 111 112 31
32
4 = Female predominantly 1 62
1 84
5 = Female exclusively - 6
- 61
345.
Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Boy
346.
Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Girl
347.
Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Boy
348.
Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 4 4
4 5
1 = Exclusively parental 56 62 44
48
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category of non-parent 63 67
52 67
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 7 10 4 11
4 = Single category that typical and
frequent
but less important than
parents 39 28
34 24
5 = Two or more categories, at least
oneof
which typical and frequent,
but less important than
parents 14 12
19 14
6 = More typical and frequent than
parents 3 3 5 3
7 = Exclusively non-parental - - 24 14
349.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Boy
350.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Girl
351.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Boy
352.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Girl
. = Missing data 60 66
53 54
1 = Foster parent 99 90
77 74
2 = Sibling - - - -
3 = Grandparent 7 9
4 11
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 2 5 2
5 = Relative (including father's
brother) 10 7 15 13
6 = Child 2 3 20 9
7 = Nonrelative 3 9
12 23
8 = Teacher 1 - - -
353.
Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Boy
354.
Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Girl
355.
Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Boy
356.
Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 4 4
28 18
1 = Male exclusively - -
9 -
2 = Male predominantly 2 1
1 1
3 = Both sexes equally 135 135
124 127
4 = Female predominantly 22 21
13 16
5 = Female exclusively 23 25
11 24
357.
Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Boy
358.
Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Girl
359.
Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Boy
360.
Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 61 65
52 53
1 = Male exclusively 8
4 33 9
2 = Male predominantly 1 -
1 1
3 = Both sexes equally 114 107
98 105
4 = Female predominantly - 1
- -
5 = Female exclusively 2 9
2 18
361.
Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Boy
362.
Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Girl
363.
Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Boy
364.
Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Girl
. = Missing data 7 6
26 23
1 = Exclusively parental 33 35
34 39
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category of non-parent 19 19
13 14
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 21 21 17 19
4 = Single category that typical and
frequent
but less important than parents 26 24 24
22
5 = Two or more categories, at least
one
of which typical and frequent,
but less important than
parents 57 59
35 41
6 = More typical and frequent than
parents 17 17 9 10
7 = Exclusively non-parental 6 5 28 18
365.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Boy
366.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Girl
367.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Boy
368.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Girl
. = Missing data 40 41
82 74
1 = Foster parent - -
- -
2 = Sibling 58 59 40 42
3 = Grandparent 38 39
26 32
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 1 2 2
5 = Relative (including father's
brother) 18 17 13 14
6 = Child 4 4 4 2
7 = Nonrelative 22 24
18 19
8 = Teacher 1 - 1 1
9 = No agent 1 1 - -
369.
Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
370.
Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
371.
Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
372.
Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
. = Missing data 18 11
54 41
1 = Male exclusively 1 2
11 2
2 = Male predominantly 4 2
3 1
3 = Both sexes equally 26 25
17 17
4 = Female predominantly 35 29
22 22
5 = Female exclusively 102 117
79 103
373.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
374.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
375.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
376.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
. = Missing data 41 42
83 77
1 = Male exclusively 5 2
11 2
2 = Male predominantly 4 2
1 -
3 = Both sexes equally 59 54
43 42
4 = Female predominantly 12 11
7 6
5 = Female exclusively 65 75
41 59
<stds15.cod>
Datafile:
STDS15.DAT Vars. 377-404 child training
377.
Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Boy
378.
Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Girl
379.
Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Boy
380.
Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Girl
. = Missing data 11 10
14 10
1 = Exclusively parental 61 67
49 62
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category
of non-parent 13 15
12 13
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 8 10 5 9
4 = Single category typical and
frequent
but less important than
parents 45 42
38 41
5 = Two or more categories, at least
one of which
typical and frequent, but less
important 34 30 33
28
than parents
6 = More typical and frequent than
parents 11 9 10 7
7 = Exclusively non-parental 3 3 25 16
381.
Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
382.
Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
383.
Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
384.
Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 73
78 65 74
1 = Foster parent - -
- -
2 = Sibling 33 34 32 32
3 = Grandparent 26 28
22 26
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 17 12 15 8
5 = Relative (including father's
brother) 24 23 19 22
6 = Child 3 1 9 4
7 = Nonrelative 9
9 17 15
8 = Teacher 1 1 7 5
385.
Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
386.
Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
387.
Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
388.
Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 14 13
39 26
1 = Male exclusively 36 17
43 17
2 = Male predominantly 66 58 53
50
3 = Both sexes equally 55 59
43 52
4 = Female predominantly 8 20
3 20
5 = Female exclusively 7 19
5 21
389. Sex
of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
390.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
391.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
392.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 73 78
65 112
1 = Male exclusively 66 48
80 36
2 = Male predominantly 4 5
6 5
3 = Both sexes equally 37 35
29 14
4 = Female predominantly 2 2
2 4
5 = Female exclusively 4 18
4 15
393.
Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Boy
394.
Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Girl
395.
Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Boy
396.
Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Girl
. = Missing data 57 112
109 113
1 = Exclusively parental 70 32
25 28
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category
of non-parent 2 3
2 6
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 3 2 3 2
4 = Single category typical and
frequent
but less important than
parents 12 11
18 14
5 = Two or more categories, at least
one of
which typical and frequent, but
less
important than parents 14 13
12 8
6 = More typical and frequent than
parents 20 3 4 3
7 = Exclusively non-parental 8 10 13 12
397.
Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
398.
Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
399.
Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
400.
Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
. = Missing data 147 147 137
144
1 = Foster parent - -
- -
2 = Sibling 12 13 10 13
3 = Grandparent 6 7
6 5
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 3 3
3
5 = Relative (including father's
brother) 5 5 5 5
6 = Child 2 2 7 1
7 = Nonrelative 8
7 9 10
8 = Teacher 2 2 9 5
401.
Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
402.
Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
403.
Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
404.
Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
. = Missing data 118 122
122 125
1 = Male exclusively 18 8
24 7
2 = Male predominantly 9 7 8
6
3 = Both sexes equally 21 21
18 18
4 = Female predominantly 6 7
2 7
5 = Female exclusively 14 21
12 23
<stds16.cod>
Datafile:
STDS16.DAT Vars. 405-432 child training
405.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boys
406.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girls
407.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boys
408.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girls
. = Missing data 147 147
137 144
1 = Male exclusively 13 7
24 9
2 = Male predominantly 1 - 1
-
3 = Both sexes equally 20 21
20 21
4 = Female predominantly 1 1
- -
5 = Female exclusively 5 10
4 12
409.
Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Boys
410.
Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Girls
411.
Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Boys
412.
Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Girls
. = Missing data 10 10
9 9
1 = Exclusively parental 36 51
23 53
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category
of non-parent 18 16
16 16
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 7 10 7 7
4 = Single category typical and
frequent
but less important than
parents 26 30
31 26
5 = Two or more categories, at least
one of
which typical and frequent, but
less
important than parents 46 42
50 44
6 = More typical and frequent than
parents 30 21 29 15
7 = Exclusively non-parental 13 6 21 16
413.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
414.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
415.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
416.
Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 47 61
33 62
1 = Foster parent - -
- -
2 = Sibling 28 28 21
21
3 = Grandparent 18 23
13 15
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 7 2 11 1
5 = Relative (including father's
brother) 19 20 13 19
6 = Child 37 28 26 13
7 = Nonrelative 21 20
34 33
8 = Teacher 9 4 35 22
417.
Sex of Parental Educators: Early Boys
418.
Sex of Parental Educators: Early Girls
419.
Sex of Parental Educators: Late Boys
420.
Sex of Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 23 16
31 26
1 = Male exclusively 58
4 117 3
2 = Male predominantly 27 2
18 1
3 = Both sexes equally 51 40
14 11
4 = Female predominantly 17 20
3 12
5 = Female exclusively 10 104
3 133
421.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
422.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
423.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
424.
Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 46 61
32 60
1 = Male exclusively 67 5
106 6
2 = Male predominantly 6 1 3 -
3 = Both sexes equally 61 53
42 32
4 = Female predominantly - 5
- 3
5 = Female exclusively 6 61
3 85
425.
Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Boys
426.
Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Girls
427.
Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Boys
428.
Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Girls
. = Missing data 9 9
8 13
1 = Informal training, with minimal guidance 47 45
14 15
2 = Apprenticeship atypical or
occasional 20 11
6 1
3 = Apprenticeship typical and frequent
but
informal training more
prevalent 79 87
42 55
4 = Apprenticeship predominant 8 11 44 46
5 = Formal schooling atypical or
occasional 14 10 34 31
6 = Formal schooling typical and
frequent 9 13 38 25
429.
Use of Example: Early Boys
430.
Use of Example: Early Girls
431.
Use of Example: Late Boys
432.
Use of Example: Late Girls
. = Missing data 34 33
33 31
2 = Childrens activities differ from
adults
are not expected to behave like
them - - - -
3 = - -
- -
4 = - -
- -
5 = Children are expected to do things
more
or less by example 25 24
20 20
6 = 22 23
23 23
7 = 2 2
2 2
8 = Children frequently shown example;
consi-
dered very important in socializing
child 79 79 83 84
9 = 21 22
22 23
Example given as most important
method
of education, or adults are
constantly
showing children how to do
things. 3 3
3 3
<stds17.cod>
Datafile:
STDS17.DAT Vars. 433-460 child training
433.
Control by Public Opinion: Early Boys
434.
Control by Public Opinion: Early Girls
435.
Control by Public Opinion: Late Boys
436.
Control by Public Opinion: Late Girls
Public Opinion: degree to which approval by people in general controls
the behavior of children
. = Missing data 95
94 91 92
2 = 3 3
2 2
3 = 2 2
2 2
4 = 2 2
2 2
5 = 20 20
21 20
6 = 28 28
29 30
7 = 2 2
2 2
8 = 30 30 33
31
9 = 4 5
4 5
437.
Lecturing: Early Boys
438.
Lecturing: Early Girls
439.
Lecturing: Late Boys
440.
Lecturing: Late Girls
. = Missing data 49
52 45 47
0 = 1 -
- -
1 = - -
- -
2 = 10 10
6 6
3 = 10 11
9 10
4 = 7 8
6 8
5 = Often, but not constant lectures /
myths 48 46 44 42
6 = 25
24 31 28
7 = 4 4
5 5
8 = Almost daily 22 22
29 29
9 = 6 5 8 7
Constant and one of the most
important
methods used in socializing
child 4 4
3 4
441.
Teasing: Early Boys
442.
Teasing: Early Girls
443.
Teasing: Late Boys
444.
Teasing: Late Girls
Teasing: refers to shaming and
exposure to ridicule for misconduct.
. = Missing data 85 85
73 74
2 = 9 8
5 5
3 = 8
10 8 9
4 = 4 4
4 4
5 = 34 33
39 38
6 = 24 23
31 30
7 = 2 2
2 2
8 = 19 20
23 23
9 = 1 1
1 1
445.
Scolding: Early Boys
446.
Scolding: Early Girls
447.
Scolding: Late Boys
448.
Scolding: Late Girls
Scolding:
includes verbal reprimants, nagging, scolding for misbehavior.
. = Missing data 76 74
71 69
0 = 2 2 2 1
1 = 3 2
1 1
2 = 11 13
8 9
3 = 8 7 8
7
4 = 9 9
11 11
5 = 54 54
51 51
6 = 15 16
19 21
7 = 1 1
- -
8 = 7 8
13 14
9 = - -
1 1
449.
Warning: Early Boys
450.
Warning: Early Girls
451.
Warning: Late Boys
452.
Warning: Late Girls
Warning:
threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers.
. = Missing data 87 87
86 87
0 = 1 1 1
-
1 = - -
1 1
2 = 4 4
5 5
3 = 3 3
4 4
4 = 4 4
4 4
5 = 29 29
32 32
6 = 38 38
36 36
7 = 1
1 1 1
8 = 14 14
11 11
9 = 5 5
5 5
453.
Corporal Punishment: Early Boys
454.
Corporal Punishment: Early Girls
455.
Corporal Punishment: Late Boys
456.
Corporal Punishment: Late Girls
Corporal Punishment: whipping and any other pain-inflicting
treatment.
. = Missing data 41 46
39 46
0 =
9 9
10 8
1 = 6 6
4 4
2 = 35 35
29 30
3 = 17 18 15
15
4 = 12 12
8 9
5 = 39 37
41 39
6 = 20 16
17 16
7 = - -
1 1
8 = 3 3
18 16
9 = 3 1
3 1
457.
Ceremonies for Children: Early Boys
458.
Ceremonies for Children: Early Girls
459.
Ceremonies for Children: Late Boys
460.
Ceremonies for Children: Late Girls
Ceremonies for Children: included are those for first animal killed
or
first basket woven by young child, or
ceremonies like birthday
parties or children's days. Inclusion of children in cultural
ceremonies justifies only moderate scores.
. = Missing data 54 62
40 55
0 = 3 4 1
-
1 = 1 5
- 2
2 = 48 47
20 32
3 = 20 22
18 25
4 = 6 5
5 9
5 = 38 26
61 42
6 = 13 11
32 13
7 = -
- 1 -
8 = 3 4
8 8
<stds18.cod>
Datafile:
STDS18.DAT Vars. 461-480 child training
461.
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Boys
462.
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Girls
463.
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Boys
464.
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Girls
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Material rewards for approved behaviors,
e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges.
. = Missing data 45 50
41 43
2 = 24 20
17 17
3 = 18 22
19 23
4 = 8 8 8
8
5 = 65 61
72 66
6 = 22 19
23 21
7 = - -
- -
8 = 4 6
6 8
465.
Permissiveness: Early Boys
466.
Permissiveness: Early Girls
467.
Permissiveness: Late Boys
468.
Permissiveness: Late Girls
. = Missing data 17 19 18
18
0 = Harsh socialization by parents or
other
authority figures with severe
punishment 1 1 1 1
1 = 1 1
5 7
2 = Generally harsh treatment, not
extreme 4 7 6 8
3 = 9 7
10 13
4 = 12 17
23 31
5 = Generally moderate or balanced
degree
of both harshness and
permissiveness 31 37
52 61
6 = 37 41
32 22
7 = 31 29
14 9
8 = Generally indulgent, not
extreme 28 19 15
12
9 = 10 6
8 3
Generally lenient and indulgent
permissiveness, minimal punishment
or
expression of disapproval 5 2 2 1
469.
Affection: Early Boys
470.
Affection: Early Girls
471.
Affection: Late Boys
472.
Affection: Late Girls
Affection: refers primarily to attention and positive interest
expressed toward child.
. = Missing data 31 31
32 33
0 = Minimal expression of affection,
attention, positive interest in
child - - - -
1 = - 1
- 1
2 = Generally low expression of
affection 6 9
10 13
and attention
3 = 3 3
4 4
4 = 16 19
20 24
5 = Moderate or sporadic expression of
affection and attention 40 35 43 37
6 = 43 41
44 42
7 = 19 21
17 19
8 = Consistent, occasional strong
expression 24 22 16
14
9 = 4 4
- -
473.
Evaluation by Society: Early Boys
474.
Evaluation by Society: Early Girls
475.
Evaluation by Society: Late Boys
476.
Evaluation by Society: Late Girls
Evaluation by Society: degree to which children are desired and
valued.
. = Missing data 14 15
15 15
0 = Children are viewed indifferently
or
as a liability by society and
local community - -
- -
1 = - 1
- 1
2 = Only slight, sporadic expression of
valuation of children 2 7
2 6
3 = 3 9
3 9
4 = 11 23
9 21
5 = Moderate or occasionally strong
expression of value of
children 39 30
39 35
6 = 46 50
48 49
7 = 32 25
32 26
8 = Strong, but no extreme valuation
of children 26
18 27 17
9 = 12 9
11 8
Intense, repeated expression of
cultural
valuation for children 1 -
1 -
477.
Incorporation into Society: Early Boys
478.
Incorporation into Society: Early Girls
479.
Incorporation into Society: Late Boys
480.
Incorporation into Society: Late Girls
Incorporation into Society: refers to inclusion of children in adult
activities.
. = Missing data 16 16
15 15
0 = Almost complete exclusion from
adult
working, ceremonial, social
activities 3 3
- -
1 = 22
21 2 -
2 = Children are usually excluded from
membership in adult activities 50 38 7 2
3 = 49 47
14 7
4 = 22 25
13 12
5 = Inconsistent but substantial
participation
by children in adult
activities 19 32
54 40
6 = 4 3
37 44
7 = - -
27 37
8 = Children closely integrated in
adult family
activities with substantial
participation
in adult community life 1 1 11
17
9 = - -
6 11
Almost complete, continual
inclusion of
children in adult activities - - - 1
<stds19.cod>
Rohner,
Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner.
1982. ETHNOLOGY 20:245-260.
Datafile:
STDS19.DAT Vars. 481-504 parental behaviors
481.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
482.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
483.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
484.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Boy
485.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Girl
486.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Aver
487.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Boy
488.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Girl
489.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Aver
490.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
491.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
492.
Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
Significant
Maternal Paternal Others Overall
------------ ------------ ------------ -----------
Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Ave
. = Missing data 174 174 115 175 174 126 184 185 165 181 180 89
1 = - - -
- - - - -
- - - 0
2 = Rarely - - 2
- 1 8 1 -
2 - - 3
3 = - - 1
- - - - -
- - - 0
4 = Sometimes - 3 2
4 1 3 - -
1 - - 3
5 = 1 -
3 - 2 2 -
- - - - 4
6 = Frequently 2
2 10 1 5 5
- 1 7 - 3
14
7 = 1 1 7
3 1 5 - -
2 2 2 16
8 = Almost Always 8
6 46 3 2 37 1
- 9 3 1 57
493.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
494.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
495.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
496.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Boy
497.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Girl
498.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Aver
499.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Boy
500.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Girl
501.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Aver
502.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
503.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
504.
Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
Significant
Maternal Paternal Others Overall
------------
------------ ------------ -----------
Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Ave
. = Missing data 182 182 141 185 185 145 185 184 171 181 185 74
1 = - - -
- - 1 - -
- - - 1
2 = Rarely 1 2 21
1 0 23 - - 3
2 1 58
3 = - - 3
- - - - -
- 1 - 9
4 = Sometimes 2 2 13
- 1 11 - 1
6 2 0 31
5 = - - 2
- - 2 - -
- - - 5
6 = Frequently 1
- 3 - - 4
- - 2 - -
5
7 = - - 1
- - - - -
1 - - 2
8 = Almost Always -
- 2 - - -
1 1 3 - -
1
<stds20.cod>
Datafile:
STDS20.DAT Vars. 505-528 parental behaviors
505.
Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
506.
Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
507.
Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
508.
Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Boy
509.
Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Girl
510.
Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Aver
511.
Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Boy
512.
Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Girl
513.
Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Aver
514.
Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
515.
Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
516.
Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
Significant
Maternal Paternal Others Overall
------------
------------ ------------ -----------
Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Ave
. = Missing data 178 169 134 169 181 146 181 183 171 171 182 88
1 =
- -
1 - - - -
- - - - 1
2 = Rarely 6 15 38
13 2 27 4 3
11 5 3 67
3 = - - 2
1 - 2 - -
1 - - 5
4 = Sometimes 1 1 5
1 - 6 - -
1 - 1 18
5 = - - -
- - - - -
- - - 1
6 = Frequently 1
1 4 2 - 3
- - - 1 -
3
7 = - - 1
- - 1 1 -
1 - - 2
8 = Almost Always -
- 1 - 3 1
- - 1 - -
1
517.
Control by Caretakers - Mother: Boy
518.
Control by Caretakers - Mother: Girl
519.
Control by Caretakers - Mother: Aver
520.
Control by Caretakers - Father: Boy
521.
Control by Caretakers - Father: Girl
522.
Control by Caretakers - Father: Aver
523.
Control by Caretakers - Others: Boy
524.
Control by Caretakers - Others: Girl
525.
Control by Caretakers - Others: Aver
526.
Control by Caretakers - Overall: Boy
527.
Control by Caretakers - Overall: Girl
528.
Control by Caretakers - Overall: Aver
. = Missing data 171 166 138 162 175 136 178 182 169 158 162 71
1 = - - -
- - - - -
- - - -
2 = No Control 4
1 10 - - 9
- 1 2 6 1
23
3 = - - 2
- - 2 - -
- 1 1 9
4 = Lax Control 6
2 16 5 3 11
2 - 2 8 6
23
5 = - -
1 - - 1 -
- 1 2 1 7
6 = Firm Control 3
9 11 12 4 19
4 2 10 6 9
34
7 = 1 3 3
1 1 2 1 -
1 1 1 9
8 = Restrictive 1
5 5 6 3 6
1 1 1 4 5
10
<stds21.cod>
Schlegel,
Alice, and Herbert Barry, III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
Ceremonies. ETHNOLOGY 18:199-210.
Datafile:
STDS21.DAT Vars. 529-560 initiation ceremonies
Boys Girls
529.
Occurrence: Boys
530.
Occurrence: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent for both boys and girls 80 81
1 = Absent for specified sex only 39 17
2 = Present 63 85
531.
Time: Boys
532.
Time: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 120 100
2 = before genital maturation 13 9
3 = at first signs of genital
maturation 18 11
4 = at genital maturation 6 57
5 = within one year after genital
maturation 17 5
6 = later (up to 18 years) 8 1
533.
Number of Concurrent Initiates: Boys
534.
Number of Concurrent Initiates: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119
99
2 = Single 29 73
3 = Small group 7 6
4 = Large group 27 5
535.
Duration of Ceremony: Boys
536.
Duration of Ceremony: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = Short 28 36
3 = Medium 7
21
4 = Long 28 27
537.
Number of Participants: Boys
538.
Number of Participants: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 121 99
2 = Immediate family 7 40
3 = Local group 25 29
4 = Large group 29 15
539.
Sexes of Participants: Boys
540.
Sexes of Participants: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = Both sexes 12 11
3 = Partially limited to same sex as
initiates 17 28
4 = Exclusively same sex as
initiates 34 45
541.
Primary Physical Components: Boys
542.
Primary Physical Components: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = None 6 11
3 = Manipulations or activities 17 45
4 = Pain other than genital
operation 20 21
5 = Genital operation 13 7
6 = Genital operation and other
pain 7 -
543.
Secondary Physical Components: Boys
544.
Secondary Physical Components: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = Neither manipulations nor
activities 15 20
3 = Activities 14 10
4 = Manipulation 9
26
5 = Both manipulations and
activities 25 28
545.
Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys
546.
Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = Symbolic only 20 15
3 = Learning skills, sharing secrets,
or other 3 3
4 = Observing taboos 8 1
5 = Seclusion 7 9
6 = Both seclusion and observing
taboos 18 54
7 = Fear 7 2
547.
Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys
548. Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 118 100
2 = Neither learning skills nor sharing
secrets 43 60
3 = Sharing secrets 8 2
4 = Learning skills 4 11
5 = Both learning skills and sharing
secrets 9 10
549.
Primary Emic Interpretations: Boys
550.
Primary Emic Interpretations: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 119 99
2 = None 4 5
3 = Status marker, physical change,
or 41 75
behavior change
4 = Spiritual change 11 2
5 = Death-rebirth 7 2
551.
Secondary Emic Interpretations: Boys
552.
Secondary Emic Interpretations: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 118 100
2 = No status marker 8 8
3 = General status marker 17 25
4 = Status marker for adolescence or
youth 14 12
5 = Status marker for full
adulthood 25 38
553.
Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Boys
554.
Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Girls
. = Missing data 4
3
0 = Absent 118 100
2 = Neither physical nor behavior
change 31 48
3 = Behavior change 10 12
4 = Physical change 12 16
5 = Both physical and behavior
change 11 7
555.
Primary Social Consequences: Boys
556.
Primary Social Consequences: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 118 100
2 = None 19 32
3 = Familial integration, familial 14 20
independence, or other
4 = Heterosexual intercourse 8 25
5 = Same-sex bonding 17
3
6 = Both same-sex bonding and
heterosexual 6 3
intercourse
557.
Secondary Social Consequences: Boys
558.
Secondary Social Consequences: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 118 100
2 = None 36 57
3 = Other 6 8
4 = Familial independence 13 9
5 = Familial integration 9 9
559.
Principal Focus: Boys
560.
Principal Focus: Girls
. = Missing data 4 3
0 = Absent 120
111
2 = Fertility 11 34
3 = Sexuality 10 18
4 = Valor 6 1
5 = Wisdom 7 1
6 = Responsibility 26 23
7 = Other 2 7
<stds22.cod>
Paige,
Karen Paige and Jeffrey Paige.
1981. THE POLITICS OF
REPRODUCTIVE RITUALS. University of California Press. Reprinted with
Permission of Authors and Publishers.
Datafile:
STDS22.DAT Vars. 561-575 reproductive rituals
561.
Menarcheal Ceremonies
98
. = Missing data
44
1 = Absent if onset of menstruation not marked by
special public ritual
44
2 = Present if onset of menstruation associated with
either elaborate or limited
rites
562.
Circumcision
94
. = Missing data
70
1 = Superincision, or subincision, or absent
22
2 = Circumcision
563.
Maternal Restrictions
97
. = Missing Data
43
1 = Absent
46
2 = Present
564.
Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade)
99
. = Missing Data
51
1 = Minor Observance or informal
36
2 = Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo
565.
Menstrual Segregation
Note:
marginals off +-2 from here on
104
. = Missing data
54
1 = Absent
28
2 = Present (either menstrual hut or structural
isolation is reported)
566.
Male Segregation Practices
105
. = Missing data
59
1 = Absent or Minor
22
2 = Present
567.
Combined Segregation Practices
111
. = Missing data
41
1 = Absent
34
2 = Present
568.
Compensation Demands
119
. = Missing data
34
2 = Present
33
1 = Absent
569.
Fraternal Interest Group Size
103
. = Missing Data
53
1 = Absent
30
2 = Present
570.
Fraternal Interest Group Strength
105
. = Missing data
33
1 = Both brideprice and patrilineality are absent, and
size of effective kin-based
political subunit is less than 100
14
2 = Either brideprice or patrilineality; size of political
subunit between 100 and
999
15
3 = a. Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greater, and
brideprice and patrilineality
are absent; or
b. Size of political subunit is
less than 100 and both
brideprice and patrilineality
are present; or
c. Size of political subunit is
between 100 and 999
and either brideprice or
patrilineality is present
8
4 = a. Size of political subunit is between 100 and 999,
and both brideprice and
patrilineality are present; or
b. Size of political subunit is
1,000 or greater, and
either brideprice or
patrilineality is present
11
5 = Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greateb, and both
brideprice and patrilineality
are present
571.
Resource Base
96
. = Missing data
18
1 = Low
34
2 = Unstable
38
3 = High
572.
Residence Pattern
96
. = Missing data
56
1 = Not favoring formation of fraternal interest groups including:
a. Matrilocal or Uxorilocal
Residence
b. Ambilocal Residence
c. Neolocal Residence
34
2 = Favoring formation of fraternal interest groups: including
a. Avunculocal Residence
b. Patrilocal or Virilocal
Residence
c. Optionally Patrilocal or
Avunculocal Residence
573.
Ritual Warfare
106
. = Missing data
50
1 = Absent
30
2 = Present
574.
Achieved Leadership Through Wealth Distribution
107
. = Missing data
60
1 = Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to
the giver are not one of the
most important factors
in attaining and maintaining
the highest degree of
political power in the
society
19
2 = Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to
the giver are one of the most
important factors in
attaining and maintaining the
highest degree of
political power in the
society
575.
Unstable Political Power Index
112
. = One, two, or three of the three variables have a score of 9
42
1 = All three variables--ritual warfare, achieved
leadership, and social
indebtedness--have a score of 0.
11
2 = Only one of the three variables has a score of 1;
the other two score 0
16
3 = Two of the variables have a score of 1; the other has
a score of 0
5
4 = All three variables have a score of 1
<stds23.cod>
Whyte,
Martin K. 1978. ETHNOLOGY 17:211-237.
Datafile:
STDS22.DAT Vars. 576-615 status of women
Datafile:
STDS23.DAT Vars. 616-636 status of women
Only
the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.
Some
of the even numbered societies, however, have been coded by undergraduates at
U.C. Irvine. Many of these
even-numbered societal codes are less reliable than the original codes, and it
is advised that a sample of odd-numbered cases be selected for hypothesis
testing.
576.
Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-Natural Beings
119
. = Missing data
10
1 = All male
24
2 = Male are more numerous or more powerful
13
3 = Male are more numerous while power equal or
male are more powerful while
numbers equal
20
4 = Both and equal in numbers of power or women more numerous
while power equal, or women
more powerful while numbers equal
: = Recode as Missing data, coder
disagreement
577.
Mythical Founders of the Culture
121
. = Missing Data
21
1 = All male
18
2 = Both sexes, but the role of men more important
19
3 = Both sexes, and the role of both sexes fairly equal
7
4 = Both sexes, but female role more important, or solely female
: = Recode as Missing data, coder
disagreement
578.
Sex of Shamans
113
. = Missing Data
14
1 = All male
26
2 = Male more numerous, or more powerful
26
3 = Male more numerous while power equal, or male more powerful
while numbers equal, or about
equal in both
7
4 = Female more powerful or more numerous or solely female shamans
: = Recode as Missing data, coder
disagreement
579.
Sex of Reputed Witches
118
. = Missing Data
16
1 = All male
21
2 = Male predominance in numbers or power
23
3 = Both, and equal in numbers or power
8
4 = Female predominance in
numbers of power or only female witches
: = Recode as Missing data, coder
disagreement
580.
Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals
113
. = Missing Data
4
1 = Only males
36
2 = Both, but males more commonly or more prominently
28
3 = Both, and fairly equal participation
5
4 = Both, but women more prominent
: = Recode as Missing data, coder
disagreement
581.
Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held
102
. = Missing Data
11
1 = Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate
73
2 = For both, and roughly equal
: = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement<