Focused
Ethnographic Bibliography
for the
Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
From World Cultures
Original Author: Douglas R. White
Prepared by
William Divale
718-262-2982
Fall 2000
Contents
Page
Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.
World Cultures, Vol. 2(1). Douglas R. White (University of California, Irvine) 2
Assessment of Sources 6
Discussion 6
Ethical Considerations 8
Table 1. Listing of Societies in the Standard Sample 9
Bibliography of Coded Studies Using the Standard Sample 14
Ethnographic Bibliography of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.
World Cultures, Vol. 2(1). Douglas R. White (University of California, Irvine)
Focused to Time and Place. 16-125
Acknowledgement:
The bibliography listed here was compiled primarily by Douglas R. White, Ph.D. who is also the author of the article describing this bibliography. Dr. White was the founder and for many years the Editor of the journal World Cultures. The massive amount of work and the intellectual achievement of the bibliography, which was begun by George P. Murdock and expanded by Douglas R. White is not something to be taken lightly and is certainly appreciated by all cross-cultural researchers.
Reprinted from World Cultures Vol. 2 August revision
Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
Douglas R. White -- University of California, Irvine
Publication of the bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969) marks a new phase in the development of professional access to the cross-cultural database. This phase builds on George Peter Murdock's lifelong work of assessing the quality of ethnographic descriptions, coding the ethno-graphic variables for his extensive Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock 1967), and classifying these societies in terms of cultural similarities. From 1967-69 he and I assessed thousands of candidate societies in order to pick the best described societies in each of 186 world cultural provinces, and to choose the earliest date of high-quality description for each so as to construct a representative world sample of high-quality ethnographies for comparative analysis. Each society was pinpointed to a particular community or locale, in addition to a focal date, to which the description applied. As contrasted to the loose assemblage of ethnographic materials pertaining to societies in the Human Relations Area Files -- of differing spatial and temporal foci and uneven quality -- our sample construction procedures assured future generations of cross-cultural researchers that the investment of time in coding the available ethnographic materials on these pinpointed units would bear fruit for comparative analysis. Many researchers have had access to either (a) the "pinpointing" sheets which we prepared for our 1969 article, which guided the coders for seven years of National Science Foundation funding of the Cross-Cultural Cumulative Coding Center (CCCCC), at the University of Pittsburgh, or (b) the shorter sample bibliographies which were published with each successive set of ethnographic codes (Murdock and White 1969; Murdock and Morrow 1970, Barry and Paxson 1971, Murdock and Wilson 1972, Tuden and Marshall 1972, Barry, Josephson, Lauer, and Marshall 1976).
Nearly twenty years later, the successful fruits of this strategy are apparent. While this is not the place to review the extensive findings of cross-cultural research, over two-thirds of the hundreds of cross-cultural studies since 1969 (see Barry 1980 for a partial listing) have used the Standard Sample. Scores of authors have contributed anywhere from one to 100 coded variables for this sample. The coded data from the bulk of these studies have been assembled by researchers at the University of California, Irvine (White, Burton, Brudner 1982), over the past nine years, in a form suitable for electronic manipulation. In 1985, an electronic journal, World Cultures, was inaugurated as a means for disseminating cross-cultural coded data, bibliographies, codebooks, and related research materials. The current bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Sample is now available in electronic form, where it can be employed by researchers for a variety of purposes.
This bibliography consists, for each society in the Standard Sample, of:
(1) the sources cited by each of the major studies which contributed extensive sets of coded ethnographic variables (CCCCC studies including those cited above, plus others cited in the Appendix,
(2) new sources which have been published or become available or known to the author since the original "pinpointing" sheets were prepared; and
(3) citations to all of the above sources contained, as of 1985, in the Human Relations Area Files (1976, 1985).
Some of the new sources contained in this bibliography were located by a bibliographer in 1979 under the direction of Alice Schlegel. The remainder were found by the author.
Preliminary to the bibliography, in Table 1, is a list of the 186 societies in the Standard Sample, showing (1) the SCCS number, (2) the societal name, (3) the pinpointed date, (4) the sequential number in the Ethnographic Atlas, (4) the Ethnographic Atlas regional identity code, (5) the HRAF Outline of World Cultures (Murdock 1975) code, (6) the quality of the HRAF file, a=good, b=useful, c=inadequate, and (7) the pinpointed focus. The societies are listed by order of appearance in the Standard Sample. This list may be useful in organizing a coding project, particularly in identifying sources in HRAF. The quality of HRAF sources code is defined more fully (Murdock and White 1969: 28) as:
(a) Satisfactory (102), containing a good selection of the source materials, including all the
major sources.
(b) Useful (45), including the major sources but an incomplete selection of other important ones and thus adjudged adequate for most cross-cultural research but requiring supplementary library research on particular topics.
(c) Inadequate (4), lacking at least one of the major sources or several important ones and thus to be used in cross-cultural research only with caution and preferably with supplementary library research.
A comparison of the 1969 and 1985 HRAF quality codes indicates the extent to which the New Haven files have been upgraded:
1969 1985
a = good 74 98
b = useful 25 27
c = inadequate 18 10
Totals 117 135
The bibliography is presented in the same order as the societies are listed in Table 1. Each set of bibliographic entries for a society is headed by
(1) the SCCS number (Murdock and White 1969),
(2) sequential EA number (Murdock 1967),
(3) regional EA identity code (Murdock 1967),
(4) societal name,
(5) pinpointed focus; and, on the second line,
(6) G: the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the pinpointed group, and
(7) T: pinpointed time.
Groups of bibliographic entries are ordered under one of six headings that were part of the initial design of the bibliography for the sample (Murdock and White 1969, Murdock and White, n.d.):
1. Principal Authority(ies) - pertaining to the pinpointed group and time.
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources - pertaining to different dates, (1) and/or adjacent groups representing the same ethnic and local cultures.
3. Auxiliary Primary Sources - pertaining to other similar groups of the same culture, or the general region to which the focal group belongs.
4. Useful Secondary Sources - summaries, reviews, or analyses of the culture in question, based on readings of the principal authorities and others. These are asterisked (*) when they are of similar utility for coding as the principal authorities.
5. Other Sources - regional histories, bibliographies, etc.
6. Sources to be Avoided - pertaining to the general ethnic group in question, but containing known inaccuracies, marked differences from the focal group, etc.
Two lines of numbers and codes appear to the left of each bibliographic item. The upper line is a string of seven numbers, dashes, zeros, or new source (^) indicators. The numbers indicate the rank order of use of the ethnographic sources, for a given society, for each of seven major sets of coded variables. These seven numbers thus indicate a rough ranking -- not an absolute scale -- of the quality of each source for each of seven topics:
1. Subsistence and Economics (Murdock and Morrow 1970)
2. Settlement Organization (Murdock and Wilson 1972)
3. Infancy and Child Training [0-4 years of age] (Barry and Paxson 1971)
4. Childhood [4-12 years of age] (Barry, Josephson, Lauer, and Marshall
1976)
5. Political Organization (Tuden and Marshall 1972)
6. Division of Labor (Murdock and Provost 1973a)
7. Illness Beliefs (Murdock, Wilson and Frederick 1978)
Each of these seven major studies reported their own evaluation of the usefulness of the sources for particular ethnographic topics. Principal authorities, for example, will often have a string of ones, twos or threes, e.g., 1111111, 1122111, 3101122 indicating that they were the often first, second, or third most useful source in coding the respective topics above. Dashes indicate that a given source was available and consulted, but not used in the coding of the given topic. Zeros (0) -- of which there are few -- indicate that the source may have been located by the CCCCC staff after the coding on the topic was completed. This could be clarified by further investigation at the CCCCC files in Pittsburgh. New study (^) indicators are sources that became available -- or known to the authors -- after the completion of coding on the topic, usually because of a later date of publication.
For some entries, an additional symbol (+ or &) is found at the end of the string of seven numbers. These indicate additional sources cited in studies of two other topics:
8. + Sexual Attitudes
(Broude and Greene 1976)
[all 186 societies coded: additional sources for 13 societies plus three alternates are cited].
& Status of Women
(Whyte 1979)
[93 societies coded: additional sources cited for two societies].
The lower of the two lines of codes to the left of each entry identify, where pertinent, the number of the source in the Human Relations Area Files. For example, FX13= 1i indicates, for L. Schultze, 1907, Aus Namaland und Kalahari, Jena, that this source on the Nama Hottentot is found in the FX13 file of HRAF, according to the Outline of World Cultures (OWC) classification (F=Africa, FX=South Africa, FX13=Hottentot, FX13= 1 for the first source). If a small letter i is found after this entry, it means that the HRAF file is incomplete in terms of pages from the source (e.g., only those pages pertaining to the Hottentot have been included).
Sources which are lacking in HRAF are given successive small letter codes in the seventh column of the lower line of codes where the number of the source in HRAF normally appears. Thus, any source in the bibliography can be referred to by the name of the society, plus either a numeral (for the HRAF sources) or a letter (for non-HRAF sources). This provides a highly convenient way for new published codes to refer to sources in a compact form, so that page references may also be given. It is strongly recommended that all future codes utilize this convention and provide source and page numbers keyed to each individual code. This will permit the electronic database, currently being distributed through the World Cultures electronic journal, to index specific coded information on each society back to the published sources from which the information was extracted.
The bibliographic entries give only:
(1) Author(s), last names and initials,
(2) date(s) of publication and relevant editions,
(3) titles of books or articles, without subtitles,
(4) journal titles for articles,
(5) book titles for articles, and the editors thereof,
(6) place of publication, and university in the case of dissertations.
While abbreviated (e.g., in comparison to HRAF bibliographic format), this is sufficient information to locate each source and its publisher.
Assessment of Sources
A considerable number of new ethnographic sources relevant to the pinpointed Standard Sample of 186 societies have been published since selection of the sample (Murdock and White 1969). New sources are of particular importance for the !Kung Bushmen (Harvard Kalahari Research Group), Nyakyusa (Wilson 1977, others), Kikuyu (Leakey 1977), Ganda (miscellaneous), Mbuti (Turnbull 1983), Ibo (Egboh ? ?), Ashanti (Fortes 198?, Wilks 1975), Wolof (Irvine 1973), Songhai (minor), Fulani (auxiliary), Hausa (Smith 1978, secondary to focus), ... Huron ( ) ... etc.
With the publication of so many new ethnographic sources in the decades since this sample was prepared and pinpointed in terms of the best earliest description in each cultural province a question naturally arises. Are the original sampling choices still the best early-described focal units in their respective provinces? For the Nyae Nyae focus among the !Kung Bushmen, based on extensive work by the Marshall family beginning in the 1950's, has now been surpassed in depth of coverage in many areas by the work, begun in the 1960's, of the Kalahari Research Group on the neighboring Dobe !Kung. The coverage of one unit, however, is often complementary to that in the other, and in coding either one it is useful to examine both sets of materials. In this case, rather than replace one with the other for cross-cultural sampling purposes, the optimal scientific strategy is to code both separately one after the other, note the similarities and differences, make whatever inferences from one to the other as are strictly justified, contribute both to the cumulative databank, and choose one for sampling purposes.
Other questions of sample redesign will be taken up in a separate article.
Discussion
The World Cultures electronic journal is distributing the cross-cultural database, including nearly a thousand coded variables for Murdock and White's (1969) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Many cross-cultural researchers are now analyzing coded cross-cultural data at microcomputer work-stations. The codes are read by programs which enable one to do statistical and distributional analysis, mathematical modeling, and hypothesis testing. Codebooks in electronic form are manipulated by word processing programs, and easily easily reorganized to suit the particular aims of a research project, publication, or classroom use.
The bibliography provided here is also available in electronic form. It can be electronically manipulated with the aid of a database management system. The entries can be sorted by HRAF number, alphabetized by author, keyworded by topic and sorted, or used in a bibliographic retrieval system. Or, it can simply be edited in any word processing program, and culled or reorganized for a particular publication, research project, or classroom use.
Many anthropology and sociology departments now have microcomputers available both for faculty and students. In a number of departments, instructional use is made of these materials. For many years at UC Irvine, I have taught an undergraduate course on Comparing Cultures in which students read ethnographies, learn to make systematic comparisons, rate their societies on code sheets, extract empirical hypotheses from their readings that are testable with coded cross-cultural data, learn to use codebooks for an existing ethnographic databank to find relevant variables for testing their hypotheses, run cross-tabulations, and learn how to evaluate comparative evidence for or against their hypotheses.
A set of rapid microcomputer developments relevant to comparative ethnographic analysis is graphics, electronic cartography, and electronic sensing. Many graphics programs are available for presentation of data and visualization of distributions or relationships in empirical findings. Color printers are now inexpensive for personal or microcomputers, and a wide range of applications for the analysis of comparative anthropological data has opened up. Maps can be converted to electronic/graphics form. For about triple the cost of an ordinary microcomputer work-station or high-end personal computer, Geographic Informations Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) image processing (e.g., of NOAA weather-satellite data) systems are available. They are within a tolerable range of complexity for anthropologists who wish to develop skills in the use of electronic cartography or ecological analysis from RS data. The coupling of the electronic cross-cultural database, based on sources in the current bibliography, with geographic information and remote imaging systems has considerable potential for the development of anthropology at a worldwide scale of analysis.
HRAF is beginning an ambitious project to computerize their ethnographic text files. The current bibliography and its compact source-referencing system provide the needed linkage between HRAF's text files and the existing and future cross-cultural data in the form of coded variables. As researchers publish their source and page references for each of their codes on a sample of societies, it will be possible to move electronically:
- from coded information to the text from which it was extracted,
- from ethnographic text to codes extracted from the text.
It is a matter of time -- the technology being now available -- before researchers with a microcomputer work-station can move back and forth between coded cross-cultural data on a particular society and the descriptive ethnographic text, in electronic form.
The step of linking coded comparative data, through an indexed source bibliography such as provided here, back to the original text, is much needed both for comparative studies and for anthropology generally. One of the greatest current weaknesses of the cross-cultural database is the fact that the researchers who constructed the coded variables largely ignored the measurement of reliability and assessment of the validity of codes and coding categories. Code-to-text linkage via indexed bibliography will greatly facilitate studies of reliability and validity, and aid in reconceptualizing and recategorizing coded ethnographic variables, or developing new and improved measures of sociocultural phenomena.
For the anthropologist, researcher, or student interested in one or a particular set of societies, the text-to-code linkage provides a means of studying how particular ethnographic materials (texts, descriptions) have been interpreted in a comparative framework. Such use of these materials may help to identify key unsolved problems of ethnographic and ethnological analysis.
In the meantime, the bibliography provided here will be a useful scholarly research tool for comparative researchers organizing coding projects, or instructors who need high-quality bibliographies for particular societies.
Ethical Considerations
Discussion of a world databank and electronic data processing raises the type of question posed by Margaret Mead, at the height of Anthropology's self-questioning, in the 1970 meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Are we not ethically beholden to avoid the centralization of our data sources? The question, as we shall see, is wrongly stated. The more appropriate question is what are the safeguards of anthropological ethics in the construction and use of databases?
Scientific databases of ethnographic materials, such as the present case, do not provide comprehensive coverage of all human groups, or even of contemporary data. Hypothesis testing requires only a sampling of the available data. By summing the focal group sizes of the Standard Sample and dividing by the world population, one arrives at an estimate of the sampling fraction: 1/2000 is a high estimate. By design, however, we have over-sampled the tribal groups of the world, at a ball park fraction of 1/200. The average pinpointed date in the sample is ca. 1860, and the median 1910. For the tribal groups, the average and medians are more recent: ca. 1900 and 1930, respectively.
For tribal groups that are undoubtedly "at risk" in the contemporary world, would anything be gained by scrapping the enterprise of scientific databanking, or disguising the identities of the 1/200 groups sampled at historical dates of 1900-1930, plus or minus 50?
Our research at UC Irvine has taken the opposite tack. We have not been content with the anthropological fiction that the earliestethnographic descriptions provide a picture of traditional societies in their relatively pure or isolated state, as independent evolutionary experiments. First, we developed a set of methods that would allow us to test "functional" hypotheses more accurately given knowledge of actual historical connections (White, Burton, Dow 1981, Dow, Burton and White 1982, Dow, White and Burton 1982, Dow, Burton, Reitz and White, 1984). Second, well aware of the heavy colonial and world impacts on "remote" societies even at the time of earliest ethnnographic description, we have pursued a strategy, funded by NSF, of studying and coding world system variables -- world commodity and labor markets, colonialism, proselytization, dominant/non-dominant relations, etc. -- as they have impacted on the Standard Sample societies. Much of the material for these studies comes from regional and economic histories, and is only sparsely discussed by the ethnographers.
Databanking of materials relevant to scientific questions, as in the world systems study, can also illuminate the severe dimensions of the problems of tribal peoples. At the end of our world systems project we will add to the present bibliography a select bibliography of sources relevant to an assessment of the relationships between local level societies and larger world systems.
TABLE 1: Listing of Societies in the Standard Sample
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
1. Nama Hottentot 1860 102 Aa3 FX13 a Gei/Khauan tribe
2. Kung Bushmen 1950 1 Aa1 FX10 a Nyai Nyae region
3. Thonga 1865 104 Ab4 FT6 a Ronga subtribe
4. Lozi 1900 103 Ab3 FQ9 a Ruling Luyana
5. Mbundu 1890 202 Ab5 FP13 a Bailundo subtribe
6. Suku 1920 731 Ac17 Feshi territory lineage center
7. Bemba 1897 105 Ac3 FQ5 b Zambia branch
8. Nyakyusa 1934 208 Ad6 FN17 a Age villages of Mwaya and Masoko
9. Hadza 1930 726 Aa9 Tribe
10. Luguru 1925 704 Ad14 Morogoro District
11. Kikuyu 1920 108 Ad3 FL10 a Fort Hall or Metume district
12. Ganda 1875 306 Ad7 FK7 a Kyaddondo district (V: Kampala)
13. Mbuti 1950 202 Aa5 FO4 a Epulu net-hunters, Ituri forest
14. Nkundo Mongo 1930 110 Ae4 FO32 a Ilanga group
15. Banen 1935 830 Ae51 Ndiki subtribe
16. Tiv 1920 116 Ah3 FF57 a Tar of Benue Province
17. Ibo 1935 643 Af10 FF26 a E. Isu-Ana group of South Ibo
18. Fon 1890 10 Af1 City and environs of Abomey
19. Ashanti 1895 111 Af3 FE12 a Kumasi State
20. Mende 1945 211 Af5 FC7 a Vicinity of town of Bo
21. Wolof 1950 21 Cb2 MS30 a Upper and lower Salum in Gambia
22. Bambara 1902 12 Ag1 FA8 a Segou to Bamako on Niger River
23. Tallensi 1934 114 Ag4 FE11 a Tribe
24. Songhai 1940 122 Cb3 Bamba division
25. Pastoral Fulani 1951 1082 Cb24 Wodaabe of Niger
26. Hausa 1900 1084 Cb26 MS12 b Zazzagawa of Zaria
27. Massa (Masa) 1910 646 Ai9 Around Yagoua in Cameroon
28. Azande 1905 117 Ai3 FO7 a Yambio Chiefdom
29. Fur (Darfur) 1880 875 Cb17 Jebel Marra
30. Otoro Nuba 1930 647 Ai10 Nuba Hills
31. Shilluk 1910 218 Ai6 FJ23 a Kingdom
32. Mao 1939 1062 Ai47 Northern division
33. Kaffa (Kafa) 1905 860 Ca30 Kingdom
34. Masai 1900 119 Aj2 FL12 c Kisonko or S. Masai of Tanzania
35. Konso 1935 18 Ca1 Town of Buso
36. Somali 1900 19 Ca2 MO4 c Dolbahanta clan or subtribe
37. Amhara 1953 679 Ca7 MP5 a Gondar district
38. Bogo 1855 867 Ca37 Tribe
39. Kenuzi Nubians 1900 24 Cd1 Kenuzi Nubians of Dahmit
40. Teda 1950 23 Cc2 MS22 Nomads of Tibesti
41. Tuareg 1900 880 Cc9 MS25 a Ahaggaren tribe
42. Riffians 1926 125 Cd3 MX3 b Entirety: Moroccan
43. Egyptians 1950 124 Cd2 MR13 a Town and environs of Silwa
44. Hebrews - 621 230 Cj3 Kingdom of Judea
45. Babylonians -1750 413 Cj4 City and environs of Babylon
46. Rwala Bedouin 1913 132 Cj2 MD4 a Unspecified
47. Turks 1950 653 Ci5 MB1 b Northern Anatolian Plateau
48. Gheg Albanians 1910 25 Ce1 EG1 a Mountain Gheg of No. Albania
49. Romans 110 126 Ce3 EI9 City and environs of Rome
50. Basques 1934 225 Ce4 Village of Vera de Bidasoa
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
51. Irish 1932 128 Cg3 ER6 a County Clare
52. Lapps 1950 129 Cg4 EP4 a Konkama District
53. Yurak Samoyed 1894 136 Ec4 RU4 a Tribe
54. Russians 1955 1257 Ch11 RF1 c Viriatino Village
55. Abkhaz 1880 1265 Ci12 RI3 b Tribe
56. Armenians 1843 912 Ci10 RJ1* - Vicinity of Erevan
57. Kurd 1951 913 Ci11 MA11 c Town and environs of Rowanduz
58. Basseri 1958 358 Ea6 Nomadic branch
59. Punjabi (West) 1950 1258 Ea13 Mohla Village
60. Gond 1938 142 Eg3 AW32 a Hill Maria
61. Toda 1900 143 Eg4 AW60 a Tribe
62. Santal 1940 42 Ef1 AW42 Bankura and Berghum Districts
63. Uttar Pradesh 1945 1260 Ef11 AW19 c Village and environs of Senapur
64. Burusho 1934 139 Ee2 AV7 a Hunza State
65. Kazak 1885 35 Eb1 RQ2 b Great Horde
66. Khalka Mongols 1920 134 Eb3 AH4* b Narobanchin Territory
67. Lolo 1910 40 Ed2 AE4 c Liang Shan and Taliang S
68. Lepcha 1937 140 Ee3 AK5 a Lingthem and vicinity
69. Garo 1955 47 Ei1 AR5 Rengsanggri Village
70. Lakher 1930 147 Ei4 Tribe
71. Burmese 1965 146 Ei3 AP1 c Nondwin Village
72. Lamet 1940 49 Ej1 Tribe, Northwestern Laos
73. Vietnamese 1930 149 Ej4 AM1 a Red River Delta in Tonkin
74. Rhade 1962 456 Ej10 Ko-Sier Village
75. Khmer 1292 248 Ej5 City of Angkor, Capital
76. Siamese 1955 367 Ej9 AO7 c Bang Chan Village
77. Semang 1925 148 Ej3 AN7 b Jehai Group or subtribe
78. Nicobarese 1870 244 Eh5 Car Nicobar of North Islands
79. Andamanese 1860 45 Eh1 AZ2 a Aka-Bea of South Andaman
80. Vedda 1860 145 Eh4 AX5 a Danigala Forest hunting group
81. Tanala 1925 144 Eh3 FY8 b Menabe subtribe
82. Negri Sembilan 1958 1262 Eh16 Inas District
83. Javanese 1954 54 Ib2 OE5 Town and environs of Pare
84. Balinese 1958 152 Ib3 OF7 c Tihingan Village
85. Iban 1950 53 Ib1 OC6 a Ulu Ai Group
86. Badjau 1963 1099 Ia13 Tawi-Tawi and adjacent islands
87. Toradja 1910 254 Ic5 OG11 Bare'e subgroup
88. Tobelorese 1900 1118 Ic10 Tobelo District
89. Alorese 1938 154 Ic2 OF5 a Abui of Atimelang Village
90. Tiwi 1929 157 Id3 OI20 a Tribe: Melville Island
91. Aranda 1896 56 Id1 OI8 a Alice Springs and environs
92. Orokaiva 1925 457 Ie9 OJ23 a Aiga subtribe
93. Kimam 1960 1101 Ie18 Bamol Village
94. Kapauku 1955 57 Ie1 OJ29 c Botukebo Village
95. Kwoma 1960 655 Ie12 OJ13 Hongwam subtribe
96. Manus 1937 373 Ig9 OM6 a Peri Villag
97. New Ireland 1930 163 Ig4 OM10 a Lesu Village
98. Trobrianders 1914 62 Ig2 OL6 a Kiriwina Island
99. Siuai 1939 61 Ig1 Northeastern group
100. Tikopia 1930 66 Ii2 OT11 a Ravenga District
101. Pentecost 1953 164 Ih3 Bunlap Village
102. Mbau Fijians 1840 1267 Ih14 Bau Chiefdom, Vanua Levu
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
103. Ajie 1845 263 Ih5 Neje Chiefdom
104. Maori 1820 167 Ij2 OZ4 c Nga Puhi Tribe
105. Marquesans 1800 168 Ij3 OX6 c Te-i'i Chiefdom S.W. Nuku Hiva
106. Western Samoans 1829 1263 Iil4 OU8 b Aana in Western Upolu Island
107. Gilbertese 1890 633 If4 Makin and Butiritari Islands (N)
108. Marshallese 1900 1266 Ih14 OR11 a Jaluit Atoll
109. Trukese 1947 60 If2 OR19 b Romonum Island
110. Yapese 1910 260 If6 OR22 a Island
111. Palauans 1947 59 If1 Ulimang Village
112. Ifugao 1910 150 Ia3 OA19 b Kiangan Group
113. Atayal 1930 51 Ia1 AD1 c Tribe (but excluding Sedeq)
114. Chinese 1936 1259 Ed15 AF1 a Kaihsienkung Village, Chekiang
115. Manchu 1915 137 Ed3 AG1 a Aigun District
116. Koreans 1947 39 Ed1 AA1 a Kanghwa Island
117. Japanese 1950 237 Ed5 AB43 Southern Okayama
118. Ainu 1880 325 Ec7 AB6 c Saru Basin in Hokkaido
119. Gilyak 1890 37 Ec1 RX2 a Sakhalin Island
120. Yukaghir 1850 236 Ec6 Upper Kolyma River
121. Chukchee 1900 135 Ec3 RY2 a Reindeer Division
122. Ingalik 1885 377 Na8 Shageluk Village
123. Aleut 1800 458 Na9 NA6 a Unalaska Branch
124. Copper Eskimo 1915 169 Na3 ND8 a Coronation Gulf
125. Montaganais 1910 495 Na32 NH6 a Lake St. John & Mistassahi Band
126. Micmac 1650 504 Na41 NJ5 b Mainland division
127. Saulteaux 1930 496 Na33 NG6 b Berens River band
128. Slave 1940 466 Na17 Lynx Point band
129. Kaska 1900 170 Na4 ND12 a Upper Liard River Group
130. Eyak 1890 270 Nb5 Tribe
131. Haida 1875 70 Nb1 Masset Town
132. Bellacoola 1880 471 Nb9 NE6 a Central group, lower B.C. River
133. Twana 1860 71 Nb2 Tribe
134. Yurok 1850 172 Nb4 NS31 b Tsurai Village
135. Pomo (Eastern) 1850 533 Nc18 NS18 a Clear Lake, Village of Cignon
136. Yokuts (Lake) 1850 539 NC24 NS29 a Tulare Lake
137. Paiute (North.) 1870 564 Nd22 NR13 a Wadadika of Harney Valley
138. Klamath 1860 523 Nc8 NR10 Tribe
139. Kutenai 1890 380 Nd7 Lower or eastern branch
140. Gros Ventre 1880 75 Ne1 NQ13 a Tribe
141. Hidatsa 1836 622 Ne15 Village
142. Pawnee 1867 342 Nf6 NQ18 c Skidi Band or subtribe
143. Omaha 1860 179 Nf3 NQ12 b Tribe
144. Huron 1634 79 Ng1 Bear and Cord Subtribes
145. Creek 1800 180 Ng3 NN11 Upper division in Alabama
146. Natchez 1718 385 Ng7 c Kingdom
147. Comanche 1870 177 Ne3 NO6 Tribe
148. Chiricahua 1870 81 Nh1 NT8 a Central band
149. Zuni 1880 183 Nh4 NT23 Pueblo
150. Havasupai 1918 175 Nd3 NT14 a Tribe
151. Papago 1910 184 Ni2 NU28 a Archie division
152. Huichol 1890 282 Ni3 a Tribe
153. Aztec 1520 185 Nj2 NU7 City & environs of Tenochtitlan
154. Popoluca 1940 284 Nj3 b Town and environs of Soteapan
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
155. Quiche 1930 1166 Sa13 Town of Chichicastenango
156. Miskito 1921 390 Sa9 SA15 Vicinity: Cape Gracias a Dios
157. Bribri 1917 287 Sa5 SA19 b Tribe
158. Cuna (Tule) 1927 85 Sa1 SB5 a San Blas Archipelago
159. Goajiro 1947 391 Sb6 SC13 a Tribe
160. Haitians 1935 1237 Sb9 SV3 b Town of Mirebalais
161. Callinago 1650 87 Sb1 ST13 a Dominica Island
162. Warrau 1935 88 Sc1 SS18 a Winikina of Orinoco Delta
163. Yanomamo 1965 1264 Sd9 SQ18 Shamatari Tribe
164. Carib (Barama) 1932 189 Sc3 SR9 a Barama River
165. Saramacca 1928 392 Sc6 SR8 a Upper Suriname River
166. Mundurucu 1850 90 Sd1 SQ13 b Cabrua Village
167. Cubeo (Tucano) 1939 293 Se5 SQ19 Village on Caduiari River
168. Cayapa 1908 194 Sf3 SD6 a Rio Cayapas Basin
169. Jivaro 1920 191 Se3 SD9 a Tribe
170. Amahuaca 1960 634 Se8 Upper Inuya River
171. Inca 1530 93 Sf1 SE13 b City and environs of Cuzco
172. Aymara 1940 193 Sf2 SF5 a Chucuito Clan community in Peru
173. Siriono 1942 91 Se1 SF21 a Vicinity of the Rio Blanco
174. Nambicuara 1940 198 Si4 SP17 a Cocozu Group
175. Trumai 1938 98 Si2 SP23 Village of Vanivani
176. Timbira 1915 200 Sj4 SO8 b Ramcocamecra or Canella
177. Tupinamba 1550 400 Sj8 SO9 a Hinterland of Rio de Janeiro
178. Botocudo 1884 299 Sj5 Naknenuk subtribe
179. Shavante 1958 1184 Sj11 Village of Sao Domingo
180. Aweikoma 1932 199 Sj3 SM3 Duque de Caxias Reservation
181. Cayua 1890 1170 Sj10 SM4 S. Mato Grosso & adj. Paraguay
182. Lengua 1889 1168 Sh9 Those in contact with mission
183. Abipon 1750 196 Sh3 SI4 a Those in contact with mission
184. Mapuche 1950 195 Sg2 SG4 c Vicinity of Temuco
185. Tehuelche 1870 349 Sg4 SH5 a Equestrian
186. Yahgan 1865 94 Sg1 SH6 b Eastern and central
Notes:
8. Nyakyusa materials are found in the HRAF Ngonde file (FN17)
56,66* The HRAF files are found in the OWC files [Khalka, Armenians].
59. West rather than East Panjab (HRAF AW6)
102. Mbau rather than Lau Fijians (Atlas #165, Ih4, HRAF OQ6);although the Bau chiefdom moved to Vanua Levu, the focus is not the same as the Atlas Vanua Levu (Atlas #694, Ih8, 1940, village of Nakaroka).
106. Western rather than American Samoans (Atlas #65, Ii1, OU4).
102. Jaluit rather than Majuro Marshallese (Atlas #160, If3, HRAF also OR11)
111. Ulimang village focus, not Koror (as in Atlas #59, If1)
Synonyms:
9. Kindiga 97. Lesu 156. Mosquito
17. Igbo 101. Bunlap 157. Talamanca
18. Dahomey 125. Naskapi 162. Warao
19. Twi 127. Ojibwa 163. Yanoama
39. Barabra 129. Nahane 165. Bush Negroes
43. Fellahin 143. Dhegiha 180. Caingang
73. Annamese 148. Eastern Apache 181. Guarani
76. Thai 150. Plateau Yumans 184. Araucanians
Appendix: Bibliography of Coded Studies Using the Standard Sample
1. G. P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and
Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. Ethnology 9:302-330.
2. G. P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and
Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. Ethnology 11:254-295.
3. Herbert Barry III and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early
Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. Ethnology 10:466-508.
4. Herbert Barry III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall.
1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 5.
Ethnology 15:83-114.
5. Arthur Tuden and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Political Organization:
Cross-Cultural Codes 4. Ethnology 11:436-464. (Coded only as
additional sources to 1-3 above.)
6. George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division
of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Ethnology 12: 2-3-225.
7. George P. Murdock. 1980. Theories of Illness: A World Survey.
PittsburgHRAF: University of Pittsburgh Press.
8+ Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes
on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices. Ethnology 12: 409-29.
[all 186 societies coded: additional sources for 13 societies plus
three alternates are cited].
8& Martin K. Whyte. 1979. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative
Status of Women. Ethnology 17:211-37. [93 societies coded:
additional sources cited for two societies].
The initial sample design, several codes, and suggested primary and
secondary authorities, as well as the pinpointing of the best described
social units in time and space, are found in:
9. Murdock, George P., and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-
Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369.
Additional codes drawing on the same bibliographic references are provided in:
10. Murdock, George P., and Catherine Provost. 1973. Measurement of
Cultural Complexity. Ethnology 12: 379-392.
11. Barry, Herbert, III, L. Josephson, E. Lauer, and C. Marshall. 1977.
Agents and Techniques for Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes 6.
Ethnology 16: 191-230.
12. Murdock, George P., S.F. Wilson, and V. Frederick. 1978. World
Distributions of Theories of Illness. Ethnology 17: 449-470 (see #7).
13. Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Code. Ethnology 18: 199-210.
14. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1981. Parental-Acceptance-
Rejection and Parental Control: Cross-Cultural Codes. Ethnology 20:
245-260.
Studies 1 through 6, 6A, 6B, and 8 through 12 are reprinted in:
15. Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel, eds. 1980. Cross-Cultural Codes
and Samples. PittsburgHRAF: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Reserved symbols: Orthography
¯ o degree latitude, longitude ?
?? missing bibliographic information
0 0 0 0 unsure as to focus and whether to include ? ? ? ?
Ç e right accent (French) }
ä e left accent {
= HRAF source
HRAF:FX13
SCCS# 1 EA# 102 Aa3 Nama Hottentot. Focus: Gei//Khauan tribe.
G:27¯30'S, 17¯E. T:1860.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1411112 Schultze, L. 1907. Aus Namaland und Kalahari. Jena.
FX13= 1 i
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources
0204000 HoernlÇ, A. W. 1925. The Social Organization of the Nama
FX13= 4 Hottentots. American Anthropologist, n.s., 27: 1-24.
0000001 HoernlÇ, A. W. 1918. Certain Rites of Transition and the
FX13= 3 Conception of !Nau among the Hottentots. Harvard African
Studies 2:65-82.
4. [1]Useful Secondary Sources
2122221 *Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa.
FX13= 2 London.
030303 Murdock, G. P. 1934. Our Primitive Contemporaries, pp.
a 475-507. New York.
5. [1]Other Sources
^^^^^ Kohler, C. 1970. A new contribution to Nama Studies. African
b Studies 29: 279-285.
HRAF:FX10
SCCS# 2 EA# 1 Aa1 Kung Bushmen. Focus: Nyae Nyae region.
G:19¯50'S, 20¯35'E. T:1950.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
^^^^^ Marshall, L(orna). 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae.
a Cambridge, Mass.
1022110 Marshall, L. 1960. !Kung Bushman Bands. Africa 30: 325-355.
b
0100221 Marshall, L. 1965. The !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.
FX10=15 Peoples of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 241-278. New York.
0011332 Marshall, L. 1959. Marriage among !Kung Bushmen. Africa
FX10= 1 29: 335-364
2033000 Marshall, L. 1961. Sharing, Talking and Giving. Africa
FX10=12 31: 231-249. Reprinted in R. B. Lee and I. DeVore 1976. (below).
0000001 Marshall, L. 1962. !Kung Bushman Religious Beliefs. Africa
FX10=13 32:221-252.
0000000 Marshall, L. 1957a. The Kin Terminology System of the !Kung
FX10= 5 Bushmen. Africa 27: 1-25.
0000000 Marshall, L. 1957b. N!ow. Africa 27: 232-240.
FX10= 6
0004000 Thomas, E. M. 1959. The Harmless People. New York,
FX10= 9 Alfred A. Knopf.
0000400 Marshall, Lawrence, and Lorna Marshall. 1956. !Kung Bushmen
c of South West Africa. South West Africa Annual 1956: 11-23.
^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1956. The Hunters. Somerville, Mass. (Film)
d
^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1957. Ecology of the !Kung Bushmen. Senior
e Honors Thesis, Harvard.
0000000 Marshall, J. 1958. Man as a Hunter. Natural History 67(6):
FX10=11 291-309, (7):376-395.
2. [1]Other Dependable Primary Sources
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San. Cambridge. [Dobe !Kung].
f
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1972. The !Kung Bushmen in Botswana. Hunters and
g Gatherers Today, ed. M. Bicchieri. pp. 327-368. New York.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1966. Subsistence Ecology of !Kung Bushmen.
FX10=16 Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1968. What Hunters do for a Living. Man the Hunter,
h ed. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., pp. 30-48. Chicago.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1974. Male-Female Residence Arrangements and Political
i Power in Human Hunter-Gatherers. Archives of Sexual Behavior 3:
167-173.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B., and Irven DeVore, eds. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-
j Gatherers. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe !Kung: Chapters 1-3, 6-14].
^^^^^ Tobias, P. (ed.). 1978. San Hunters and Herders of Southern
k Africa. Cape Town.
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1972. !Kung Bushman Childhood. Ph. D. Dissertation.
l Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Draper, P. (forthcoming). !Kung Subsistence Work at /Du/da.
m
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1975. !Kung Women: contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism
n in the foraging and sedentary contexts. Toward an Anthropology
of Women, ed. R. Reiter, pp. 77-109. New York. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1978. The Learning Environment for Aggression and
o Antisocial Behavior among the !Kung. Teaching Non-Aggression,
ed. A. Montagu, pp. 31-53. New York.
^^^^^ Biesele, M. in press. !Kung Folklore. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe].
p
^^^^^ Biesele, M. 1975. Folklore and Ritual of !Kung Hunter-gatherers.
q Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Biesele, M. 1972. Hunting in semi-arid areas - the Kalahari
r Bushmen Today. Botswana Notes and Records (special ed.).
^^^^^ Hansen, J. D. L., A. S. Truswell, C. Freeseman, and B. MacHutchon.
s 1969. The Children of Hunting and Gathering Bushmen. South
African Medical Journal 43: 1158. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Harpending, H. C. 1971. !Kung Hunter-Gatherer Population
t Structure. Ph. D. Dissertation. Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Howell, N. 1979. Demography of the Dobe Area !Kung. New York.
u
^^^^^ Howell, N. n.d. Estimating Absolute Age in a Remote and
Nonliterate Population. Princeton. MS.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1971. Infants of a Foraging People. Mulch 1:
v 44-73. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1972. Aspects of the Developmental Ethology of
w a Foraging People. Ethological Studies of Child Behavior, ed.
N. G. Blurton Jones. Cambridge.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1973. Infants of a Foraging People. Ph. D.
x Dissertation. Harvard.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. in press. Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San.
y Cultural and Social Influences in Infancy and Early Childhood, ed.
P. H. Leiderman and S. Tulkin. Stanford.
^^^^^ Shostak, M. 1981. Nisa. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe !Kung].
z
3. [1]Auxiliary Primary Sources
0005003 Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. London.
aa
HRAF:FT06
SCCS# 3 EA# 104 Ab4 Thonga. Focus: Ronga subtribe.
G:25¯50'S, 32¯20'E. T:1895.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Junod, H. A. 1927 (2d ed.). The Life of a South African Tribe.
FT6=1-2 2v. London.
HRAF:FQ09
SCCS# 4 EA# 103 Ab3 Lozi. Focus: ruling Luyana.
G:16¯S, 23¯E. T:1900.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
2122110 Gluckman, M. 1951. The Lozi of Barotseland. Seven Tribes
FQ9 = 2 of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and M. Gluckman,
pp. 1-93. London.
1000220 Gluckman, M. 1941. Economy of the Central Barotse Plain.
FQ9 =10 Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 7.
0000000 Gluckman, M. 1972 (lst ed. 1965). The Ideas in Barotse
FQ9 = 4 Jurisprudence. Manchester.
0000000 Gluckman, M. 1950. Kinship and Marriage among the Lozi of
FQ9 = 6 Northern Rhodesia and the Zulu of Natal. African Systems of
Kinship and Marriage, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, eds.
Oxford.
2. [1]Other Dependable Primary Sources
0200000 Bertrand, A. 1899. The Kingdom of the Barotsi. London.
a
0011000 Holub, E. 1895. Seven Years in South Africa, v.2. London.
b
4. [1]Useful Secondary Sources
0003010 *Turner, V. W. 1952. The Lozi Peoples of Northwestern
FQ9 = 1 Rhodesia. London.
^^^^^ Mainga, M. 1973. Bulozi under the Luyana Kings: Political
c Evolution and State Formation in Pre-Colonial Zambia. London.
FP13
SCCS# 5 EA# 203 Ab5 Mbundu. Focus: Bailundo subtribe.
G:12¯15'S, 16¯30'E. T:1890.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
3111111 Childs, G. M. 1949. Umbundu Kinship and Character. London.
FP13= 1
2. [1]Other Dependable Primary Sources
1300221 Hambly,W. D. 1934. The Ovimbundu of Angola. Field Museum
FP13= 3 Anthropological Series 21:89-362.
3. [1]Auxiliary Primary Sources
0200002 Edwards, A. C. 1962. The Ovimbundu under Two Sovereignties.
FP13= 6 London.
4. [1]Useful Secondary Sources
2000003 McCulloch, M. 1952. The Ovimbundu of Angola. London.
FP13= 2
00003005. Duffy, J. 1959. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.
SCCS# 6 EA# 731 Ac17 Suku. Focus: "lineage center" in Feshi
terr.
G: 6¯S, 18¯E. T:1920.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Kopytoff, I. 1965. The Suku of Southwestern Congo. Peoples
a of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 441-477. New York.
2224223 Kopytoff, I. 1964. Family and Lineage Among the Suku of the
b Congo. The Family Estate in Africa, ed. R. F. Gray and P. H.
Gulliver, pp. 83-116. Boston.
0300000 Kopytoff, I. 1961. Extension of Conflict as a Method of
c Conflict Resolution Among the Suku of the Congo. Journal
of Conflict Resolution 5:61-69.
0002000 Kopytoff, I. 1971. Th Suku of the Congo: an ethnographic
d test of Hsu's hypothesis. Kinship and Culture, ed. F. L. K.
Hsu. pp. 69-86. Chicago.
^^^^^ Kopytoff, I. 1977. Matrilineality, residence, and residential
e zone. American Ethnologist 4: 539-558.
2. [1]Other Dependable Primary Sources
0000010 Torday, E., and T. A. Joyce. 1906. Notes on the Ethnography
f of the Bayaka. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute 36:39-58.
0033000 Van de Ginste, F. 1947. Le mariage chez les Basuku.
g Bulletin des Jurisdictions Indigänes et du Droit Coutumier
Congolais, no. 5. 1-2.
3. [1]Auxiliary Primary Sources
3000002 Holemans, K. 1959. Etudes sur l'alimentation en milieu
h coutumier du Kwango. Annales de la SociÇtÇ Belge de
MÇdecine Tropicale 39:361-374.
HRAF:FQ05
SCCS# 7 EA# 105 Ac3 Bemba. Focus: of Zambia.
G:10¯S, 31¯E. T:1897.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1011110 Richards, A. I. 1939. Land, Labour and Diet in Northern
FQ5 = 2 Rhodesia. Oxford.
3100220 Richards, A. I. 1951. The Bemba of North-eastern Rhodesia.
a Seven Tribes of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and
M. Gluckman, pp. 164-191. London.
0200000 Richards, A. I. 1940. The Political System of the Bemba
FQ5 = 7 Tribe. African Political Systems, ed. M. Fortes and E. E.
Evans-Pritchard, pp. 83-120. Oxford.
2022000 Richards, A. I. 1940. Bemba Marriage and Present Economic
b Conditions. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 4.
0033000 Richards, A. I. 1948. Hunger and Work in a Savage Tribe.
c Glencoe.
0044000 Richards, A. I. 1956. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation
FQ5 = 3 Ceremony Among the Bemba. London.
0400000 Richards, A. I. 1950. Some Types of Family Structure Amongst
d the Central Bantu. African Systems of Kinship and Marriage,
ed. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, pp. 206-251. London.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. 1968. Keeping the King Divine. Proceedings of
e the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1968: 23-25.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. 1971. The Consilar System of the Bemba of
f Northern Zambia. Councils in Action, ed. A. I. Richards and A.
Kuper. Cambridge.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. and C. Tardits. 1974. A propos du marriage Bemba.
g L'Homme 14: 111-118.
^^^^^ Tardits, C. 1974. Prix de la femme et mariage entre cousins
h croises, la cas des Bemba d'Afrique centrale. L'Homme 14: 5-30.
2. [1]Other Dependable Primary Sources
4355000 Gouldsbury, C., and A. Sheane. 1911. The Great Plateau of
i Northern Rhodesia. London.
3. [1]Auxiliary Primary Sources
0500000 Delhaise, C. 1908. Chez les Wabemba. Bulletin de la
j SociÇtÇ Royale Belge de GÇographie 32: 173-227, 261-283.
HRAF:FN17
SCCS# 8 EA# 208 Ad6 Nyakyusa. Focus: age village near Mwaya
and Masoko.
G: 9¯30'S, 34¯E. T:1934.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1101111 Wilson, M. 1951. Good Company. London.
FN17= 1
0013000 Wilson, M. 1957. Rituals of Kinship Among the Nyakyusa.
FN17= 2 London.
0000030 Wilson, M. 1959. Communal Rites of the Nyakyusa. London.
FN17= 9
^^^^^ Wilson, M. 1977. For Men and Elders: Change in the Relations of
a Generations and of Men and Women among the Nyakyusa-Ngonde
People 1875-1971. New York.
2022221 Wilson, G. 1936. An Introduction to Nyakyusa Society.
FN17= 8 Bantu Studies 10: 253-292.
0200000 Wilson, G. 1951. The Nyakyusa of South-Western Tanganyika.
b Seven Tribes of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and
M. Gluckman, pp. 253-291. London.
0030000 Wilson, G. 1938. The Land Rights of Individuals Among the
FN17= 5 Nyakyusa. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 1: 1-52.
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0040000 Lehmann, F. R. 1951. Notes on the Daily Life of the
FN17=14 Nyakyusa. Sociologus n.F, 1: 138-148.
^^^^^ McKenny, M. G. 1973. The social structure of Nyakyusa: a re-
c evaluation. Africa 43: 91-107.
^^^^^ Charsley, S. R., and M. G. McKenny. 1974. The social structure of
d Nyakyusa. Africa 44: 422-424.
SCCS# 9 EA# 726 Aa9 Hadza. Focus: Entirety.
G: 3¯45'S, 35¯E. T:1930.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1312111 Kohl-Larsen, L. 1958. Wildbeuter in Ostafrika. Berlin.
a
0121221 Woodburn, J. 1964. The Social Organization of the Hadza of
b North Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
2000000 Woodburn, J. 1968. An Introduction to Hadza Ecology. Man the
c Hunter, ed. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, pp. 49-55. Chicago.
0200000 Woodburn, J. 1968. Stability and Flexibility in Hadza
d Residential Groupings. Man the Hunter, ed. R. B. Lee and I.
DeVore, pp. 103-110. Chicago.
^^^^^ Woodburn, J. 1970. Hunters and Gatherers: the Material Cultures
e of the Nomadic Hadza. London.
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0030003 Bleek, D. F. 1931. The Hadzapi or Watindiga of Tanganyika
f Territory. Africa 4:273-286.
SCCS# 10 EA# 704 Ad14 Luguru. Focus: Morogoro District.
G: 6¯50'S, 37¯40'E. T:1925.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1200110 Beidelman, T. C. 1967. The Matrilineal Peoples of Eastern
a Tanzania. London.
2411220 Scheerder, ??, and Tastevin, ??. 1950. Les Wa lu guru.
b Anthropos 45:241-286.
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0100000 Young, R., and H. Fosbrooke. 1960. Land and Politics Among
c the Luguru of Tanganyika. London.
0302000 Christensen, J. B. 1963. Utani: Joking, Sexual License and
d Social Obligations Among the Luguru. American Anthropologist
65:1314-1327.
0400000 McVicar, J. n.d. Notes on the Waluguru. Ms.
e
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^^^^^ Brain, J. L. 1969. Matrilineal descent and marital stability:
f A Tanzanian case. Journal of Asian and African Studies 4(2):
122-131.
^^^^^ Mluanda, M. 1971. Traditional practices among the Luguru in
g Eastern Tanzania. Bulletin of the International Committee on
Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research 13: 57-65.
HRAF:FL10
SCCS# 11 EA# 108 Ad4 Kikuyu. Focus: Fort Hall or Metume District.
G: 0¯40'S, 37¯10'E. T:1920.
1. [1]Principal Authority(ies)
1221110 Kenyatta, J. 1939. Facing Mount Kenya. London.
FL10= 4
0303000 Lambert, H. E. 1956. Kikuyu Social and Political
FL10= 2 Institutions. London.
3000000 Lambert, H. E. 1950. The Systems of Land Tenure in the
FL10= 5 Kikuyu Land Unit. Communications from the School of
African Studies, n.s. 22: 1-185.
2030000 Leakey, L. S. B. 1952. Mau Mau and the Kikuyu. London.
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^^^^^ Leakey, L. S. B. 1977. The Southern Kikuyu before 1903.
a 3 vols. New York.
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0012000 Cagnolo, C. 1933. The Akikuyu. Nyeri.
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^^^^^ Routledge, W. S., and Routledge, K. 1910. With a Prehistoric
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4130220 Middleton, J. 1953. The Kikuyu and Kamba of Kenya. London.
FL10= 1 i
0000300 Hailey, W. M. H. 1950. Native Administration in the British
c African Territories, pt. I. London.
0000400 MacPhee, A. M. 1968. Kenya. New York.
d
0000500 Ross, W. M. 1968. Kenya from Within: A Short Political
e History. London.
^^^^^ Tignor, R. 1976. The Colonial Transformation of Kenya: The
f Kamba, Kikuyu, and Masai from 1900-1936. Princeton.
HRAF:FK07
SCCS# 12 EA# 306 Ad7 Ganda. Focus: Kyaddondo district.
G: 0¯20'N, 32¯30'E. T:1875.
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1211111 Roscoe, J. 1911. The Baganda. London.
FK7 = 2
0002002 + Mair, L. P. 1934 (2d ed. 1965 New York). An African People
FK7 = 1 in the Twentieth Century. London.
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0123220 Southwold, M. 1965. The Ganda of Uganda. Peoples of
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a Kinship and Marriage, ed. R. Needham, pp. ??. London.
0000000 Richards, A. I. 1960. The Ganda. East African Chiefs, ed.
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0000000 Richards, A. I. 1966. The Changing Structure of a Ganda
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0000003 Kagwa, A. 1934. The Customs of the Baganda. New York.
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2000000 Fallers, M. C. 1960. The Eastern Lacustrine Bantu. London.
FK7 =12
0304003 + Murdock, G. P. 1934. The Ganda of Uganda. Our Primitive
b Contemporaries, pp. 508-550. New York
^^^^^ Perlman, M. L. 1969. Law and the status of women in Uganda: A
c Systematic comparison between the Ganda and the Toro. Tropical
Man 2: 60-106.
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e Religiones Africains 4(8): 191-202.
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f
^^^^^ Semakula Kiwanuka, M. S. M. 1972. A History of Buganda from the
g Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900. New York.
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h Period. Berlin. (German)
HRAF:FP13
SCCS# 13 EA# 202 Aa5 Mbuti Pygmies. Focus: net hunters of the
Epulu.
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^^^^^ Turnbull, C. M. 1983. The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation.
a New York.
2113111 Turnbull, C. M. 1965a. Wayward Servants. Garden City, N.Y.
FP13= 2
1021223 Turnbull, C. M. 1961. The Forest People. New York.
FP13= 3
0030031 Turnbull, C. M. 1965b. The Mbuti Pygmies. Anthropological
FP13= 1 Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 50:iii, 1-282.
0002000 Turnbull, C. M. 1965c. The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo. Peoples
a of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 279-317. New York.
3040003 Putnam, P. 1948. Th Pygmies of the Ituri Forest. A Reader in
FP13= 4 General Anthropology, ed. C. S. Coon, pp. 322-342. New York.
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^^^^^ Hart, J. A. 1978. From Subsistence to Market: A case study of
c the Mbuti net hunters. Human Ecology 6(3): 325-353.
HRAF:FO32
SCCS# 14 EA# 110 Ae4 Nkundo Mongo. Focus: Ilanga group.
G: 0¯45'S, 19¯E. T:1930.
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1111111 Hulstaert, G. 1938. Le mariage des Nkundo'. MÇmoires de
FO32= 2 l'Institut Royal Colonial Belge 8: 1-520. Brussels.
^^^^^ Hulstaert, G. 1971. Sur quelques croyances magiques des Mongo.
a Cahiers des Religion Africaines 5(9): 145-167.
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1011111 Dugast, I. 1959. Monographie de la tribu des Ndiki. Vie sociale
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1011111 Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1958. Three Source Notebooks
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0000000 Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1968. Tiv Economy. Evanston.
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^^^^^ Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1969. A Source Notebook on
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0000000 Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1957. Tiv Markets. New York
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2122221 Bohannan, L., and P. Bohannan. 1953. The Tiv of Central
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0200000 Bohannan, L. 1957. Political Aspects of Tiv Social
b Organization. Tribes Without Rulers, ed. J. Middleton and
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0000000 Bohannan, L. 1952. A Genealogical Charter. Africa 22: 301-315.
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0000030 Bohannan, P. 1953. Concepts of Time Among the Tiv of
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0000040 Bohannan. P. 1954a. Tiv Farm and Settlement. London.
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3000000 Bohannan, P. 1960. Tiv Trade and Markets. Ms. (see FF57=24)
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4000000 Bohannan, P. 1955. Some Principles of Exchange and Investment
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0003000 Bohannan, P. 1965. The Tiv of Nigeria. Peoples of Africa.
d ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 279-317. New York.
0000000 Bohannan, P. 1957. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv. London.
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0000000 Bohannan, P. 1954b. The Migration and Expansion of the Tiv.
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0030003 Abraham, R. C. 1933 (3d ed. 1968. London). The Tiv People.
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0000003 Downes, R. M. 1933 (2d ed. 1969). The Tiv Tribe. Kaduna.
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^^^^^ Downes, R. M. 1971. Tiv Religion. Ibadan.
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HRAF:FF26
SCCS# 17 EA# 643 Af10 Ibo. Focus: Isu-Ana division, Owerri or
Southern Ibo.
G: 5¯30'N, 7¯20'E. T:1935.
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1122110 Green, M. M. 1947 (2d ed. 1964). Ibo Village Affairs. London.
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2233220 Uchendu, V. C. 1965. The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. New York.
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0011000 Leith-Ross, S. 1939. African Women: A Study of the Ibo of
FF26= 5 Nigeria. New York. [Southern Ibo region, embracing Isu-Ana].
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0 0 0 0 Egboh, E. O. 1972. A reassessment of the concept of Ibo
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G: 7¯12'N, 1¯56'E. T:1890.
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1111111 Herskovits, M. J. 1938. Dahomey. 2v. New York.
a
0400000 Herskovits, M. J. 1932. Some Aspects of Dahomean
b Ethnology. Africa 5: 266-296.
0002000 Herskovits, M. J. 1937. A Note on 'Woman Marriage' in
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0003000 Bohannan, L. 1949. Dahomean Marriage. Africa 19: 273-278.
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0000000 Lombard, J. 1967. The Kingdom of Dahomey. West African
k Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century, ed. D. Forde and P. M.
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0000000 Mercier, P. 1954. The Fon of Dahomey. African Worlds, ed.
l D. Forde, pp. 210-234. London.
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SCCS# 19 EA# 111 Af3 Ashanti. Focus: Kumasi state.
G: 7¯N, 1¯30'W. T:1895.
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0210223 Fortes, M. 1950. Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti.
FE12= 5 African Studies of Kinship and Marriage, ed. A. R.
Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, pp. 252-284. London.
0301000 Fortes, M. 1949. Time and Social Structure: An Ashanti Case
FE12= 8 Study. Social Structure, ed. M. Fortes, pp. 54-84. Oxford.
^^^^^ Fortes, M. 1969. Kinship and the Social Order. pp. 138-216.
a Chicago.
0200000 Fortes, M., R. W. Steel, and P. Ady. 1947. Ashanti Survey,
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0100003 Rattray, R. S. 1923. Ashanti. Oxford.
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0530000 Rattray, R. S. 1929. Ashanti Law and Constitution. London.
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1002111 Lystad, R. A. 1958. The Ashanti. New Brunswick.
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2600000 Busia, K. A. 1951. The Position of the Chief in the Modern
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3003000 Manoukian, M. 1950. Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples of the Gold
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0000000 Wilks, I. 1967. Ashanti Government. West African Kingdoms
e in the Nineteenth Century, ed. D. Forde and P. M. Kaberry,
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SCCS# 20 EA# 211 Af5 Mende. Focus: vicinity of the town of Bo.
G: 7¯50'N, 12¯W. T:1945.
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1111111 Little, K. L. 1951. The Mende of Sierra Leone. London.
FC7 = 2
0002000 Little, K. L. 1954. The Mende in Sierra Leone. African
a Worlds, ed. D. Forde, pp. 111-137. London.
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0004000 Crosby, K. H. 1937. Polygamy in Mende Country. Africa 10:
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SCCS# 21 EA# 21 Cb2 Wolof. Focus: Upper and Lower Salum, Gambia.
G:13¯45'N, 12¯W. T:1950
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1212111 Gamble, D. P. 1957. The Wolof of Senegambia. London.
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2121221 Ames, D. W. 1953. Plural Marriage Among the Wolof in the
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3400000 Ames, D. W. 1962. The Rural Wolof of the Gambia. Markets
a in Africa, ed. P. Bohannan and G. Dalton, pp. 29-60. Evanston.
0000000 + Ames, D. W. 1959. Selection of Mates. Continuity and Change
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4303000 Ames, D. W. 1959. Wolof Co-operative Work Groups.
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SCCS# 22 EA# 12 Ag1 Bambara. Segou to Bamako.
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1110110 Monteil, C. 1924. Les Bambara du SÇgou et du Kaarta. Paris.
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a Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century, ed. D. Forde and P. M.
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b d`initiation du Komo. Paris.
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SCCS# 23 EA# 114 Ag4 Tallensi. Focus: Entirety.
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0100001 Fortes, M. 1945 (new ed. 1967). The Dynamics of Clanship Among
FE11= 2 the Tallensi. London.
0211111 Fortes, M. 1949. The Web of Kinship Among the Tallensi. London.
FE11= 3
0300010 Fortes, M. 1940. The Political System of the Tallensi.
a African Political Systems, ed. M. Fortes and E. E.
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0020200 Fortes, M. 1938. Social and Psychological Aspects of
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1111111 Rouch, J. 1954. Les Songhay. Paris.
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1311111 Dupire, M. 1962. Peuls nomades: Etude descriptive des Wodaabe
a nomades du sahel nigerien. Travaux et MÇmoires de l'Institut
d'Ethnologie 64:1-327. Paris.
2000000 Dupire, M. 1962. Trade and Markets in the Economy of the Nomadic
b Fulani of Niger. Markets in Africa, ed. P. Bohannan and G.
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0020001 Dupire, M. 1963. The Position of Women in a Pastoral Society
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0100000 Stenning, D. J. 1965. The Pastoral Fulani of Northern Nigeria.
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SCCS# 26 EA#1084 Cb26 Hausa. Focus: Zazzagawa.
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1122110 Smith, M. G. 1965. The Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Peoples of
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2000032 Smith, M. G. 1955. The Economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria.
MS12= 1 Colonial Office Research Studies 16:1-264.
0200200 Smith, M. G. 1960. Government in Zazzau 1800-1950. London.
MS12=15
3000000 Smith, M. G. 1962. Exchange and Marketing Among the Hausa.
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0333000 Dry, D. P. L. 1956. Some Aspects of Hausa Family Structure.
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4000000 Prothero, R. M. 1957. Land Use at Soba. Economic Geography
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0111111 von Hagen, G. 1912. Die Bana. Baessler-Archiv 2:77-116.
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1202223 Garine, I. de. 1964. Les Massa du Cameroun. Paris.
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SCCS# 28 EA# 117 Ai3 Azande. Focus: Yambio chiefdom.
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^^^^^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (ed.). 1974. Man and Woman among the
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0213111 Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among
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2000000 Schweinfurth, G. 1873. The Heart of Africa. 2v. New York.
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0360003 Seligman, C. G., and B. Z. Seligman. 1932. Pagan Tribes of the
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1211110 Felkin, R. W. 1885. Notes on the Fur Tribe. Proceedings of
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1111111 Nadel, S. F. 1947. The Nuba. London.
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HRAF:FJ23
SCCS# 31 EA# 218 Ai6 Shilluk. Focus: Entirety.
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1211111 Hofmayr, W. 1925. Die Schilluk. Wien.
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SCCS# 34 EA# 119 Aj2 Masai. P:of Tanzania.
G:3¯S, 36¯E. T:1900.
1111110 Merker, M. 1904. Die Masai. Berlin.
2200000 Huntingford, G.W.B. 1953. The Southern Nilo-Hamites.
London.
0000010 Hollis, A. C. 1905. The Masai: Their Language and
Folklore. Oxford.
3000000 Fosbrooke, H. A. 1948. An Administrative Survey of the
Masai Social System. Tanganyika Notes and Records 26: 1-50.
0300000 Baumann, O. 1894. Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle. Berlin.
SCCS# 35 EA# 18 Ca1 Konso. P:town of Buso.
G:5¯15'N, 37¯30'E. T:1935.
2111110 Hallpike, C. R. 1969. The Konso of Ethiopia. Ms.
0222220 Jensen, A. E. 1936. Im Lande des Gada. Stuttgart.
1000000 Kluckhohn, R. 1962. The Konso Economy. Markets in Africa,
ed. P. Bohannan and G. Dalton, pp. 409-428. Evanston.
0003000 Cerulli, E. 1956. Peoples of South-west Ethiopia and Its
Borderland. London.
HRAF:MO4
SCCS# 36 EA# 19 Ca2 Somali. P:Dolbahanta subtribe.
G:9¯N, 47¯E. T:1900.
0110111 Lewis, I. M. 1961. A Pastoral Democracy. London.
1034223 Lewis, I. M. 1955. Peoples of the Horn of Africa. London.
2021330 Lewis, I. M. 1965. The Northern Pastoral Somali. Peoples
of Africa, ed., J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 319-360. New York.
0203000+ Lewis, I. M. 1962. Marriage and the Family in the Northern
Somaliland. Kampala: East African Institute for Social and
Economic Research. East African Studies 15. Kampala, Uganda.
0000*00 Lewis, I. M. 1957. Ms. The Somali Lineage System and the
Total Geneaology: A General Introduction to Basic Principles
of Somali Political Institutions. Hargeisa.
3000000 Lewis, I. M. 1962. Trade and Markets in Northern
Somaliland. Markets in Africa, ed., P. Bohannon and
G.Dalton, pp. 365-385. Evanston.
0052000 Paulitschke, P. 1888. Beitrage zue Ethnographie und
Anthropologie der Soma, Gaua, and Harari. Leipzig.
0045003 Puccioni, N. 1936. Antropologia e etnografia delle genti
della Somalia 3: 1-140. Bologna.
HRAF:MP5
SCCS# 37 EA# 679 Ca7 Amhara. P:Gondar district.
G:13¯30'N, 37¯E. T:1953.
1111111 Messing. S.D. 1957. The Highland-Plateau Amhara of
Ethiopia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
0022000 Lipsky, G.A. 1962. Ethiopia. New Haven.
SCCS# 38 EA# 867 Ca37 Bogo or Belen.
G:15¯45'N, 38¯45'E. T:1855.
1111110 Munzinger, W. 1859. Ueber die Sitten und das Recht der
Bogos. Winterthur.
SCCS# 39 EA# 24 Cd1 Barabra. P:Kenuzi Nubians of Dahmit.
G:23¯N, 38¯45'E. T:1900.
1221113 Herzog, R. 1957. Die Nubier. Berlin.
0013010 Schafer, H. 1935. Nubisches Frauenleben. Mitteilungen des
Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin 38.
0100220 Fernea, R. A., ed. 1966. Contemporary Egyptian Nubia. 2v.
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0002001 Callender, C., and F. el Guindi. 1971. Life-Crisis Rituals
Among the Kenuz. Case Western Reserve University Studies in
Anthropology 3. Cleveland.
0000001 Kennedy, J.G. 1977. Struggle for Change in a Nubian
Community. Palo Alto.
SCCS# 40 EA# 23 Cc2 Teda. P:Nomads of Tibesti.
G:21¯30'N, 17¯30'E. T:1950
4111111 Chapelle, J. 1957. Nomades noirs du Sahara. Paris.
2334223 Cline, W. 1950. The Teda of Tibesti, Borku and Kawar.
General Series in Anthropology 12: 1-52.
0222000 Fuchs, P. 1956. Ueber die Tubbu von Tibesti. Archiv. fur
Volkerkunde, 11: 43-66.
0403000 Nachtigal, G. 1879. Sahara und Sudan I: 377-464. Berlin.
1000000 Le Coeur, C. 1950. Dictionnaire ethnographique Teda.
Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire 9: 1-213.
3500000 Briggs, L. L. 1958. The Living Races of the Sahara Desert.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University 28: ii, 1-217.
HRAF:MS25
SCCS# 41 EA# 880 Cc9 Tuareg. P:Ahaggaren.
G:23¯N, 6¯30'E. T:1900.
1122111 Nicolaisen, J. 1963. Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral
Tuareg. National museets Skrifter, Etnografisk Raeke 9:
1-540. Copenhagen.
0000400 Nicolaisen, J. 1959. Political Systems of Pastoral Tuareg
in Air and Ahaggar. Folk I:67-131.
0211221 Lhote, H. 1955 and 1944. Les Touaregs du Hoggar. Paris.
0033003 Benhazera, M. 1908. Six mois chez les Touareg de Ahaggar.
Alger.
0300000 Briggs, L.L. 1958. The Living Races of the Sahara Desert.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University 28:ii, 1-217.
HRAF:MX3
SCCS# 42 EA# 125 Cd3 Riffians. P:Unspecified.
G:35¯N, 3¯15'W. T:1926.
1211111 Coon, C. S. 1931. Tribes of the Rif. Harvard African
Studies 9: 1-417.
0102220 Hart, D. M. 1954. An Ethnographic Survey of the Riffian
Tribe of Aith Waryaghil Tamuda 1: 55-86. Tetuan.
0000003 Hart, D.M. 1976. The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif.
Tucson.
0300000 Moulieras, A. 1895. Le Maroc inconnu, I: Exploration du
Rif. Paris.
HRAF:MR13
SCCS# 43 EA# 124 Cd2 Egyptians. P:town and environs of Silwa.
G:24¯45'N, 33¯E. T:1950.
1111111 Ammar, H. 1954. Growing Up in an Egyptian Village. London.
2200220 Ayrout, H. H. 1945. The Fellaheen. Cairo.
0000013 Blackman, W. S. 1927. The Fellahin of Upper Egypt. London.
0000*00 Harris, G. L., ed. 1957. Egypt. New Haven.
ä
SCCS# 44 EA#230 Cj3 Hebrews. P:kingdom of Judah.
G:31¯10'N, 35¯E. T:621 B.C.
4122113 DeVaux, R. 1961. Ancient Israel, Its Life and
Institutions. (John McHugh, Translator.)New York.
1200220 Holy Bible. Old Testament.,
2303441 Dalman, G. 1932. Arbeit und Sitte in Palestina. 8 v.
Gutersloh.
0411000 Patai, R. 1961. Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle
East. Garden City.
3000001 Noth, M. 1966. The Old Testament World. 4th edit.
Philadelphia.
0000012 Forbes, R. J. 1964. Studies in Ancient Technology. 2d
edit. 9v. Leiden.
0000501 Bright, J. 1959. A History of Israel. Philadelphia.
5000000 Balyn, D. 1957. The Geography of the Bible. New York.
SCCS# 45 EA# 413 Cj4 Babylonians. P:city and environs of Babylon.
G:32¯35'N, 44¯45'E. T:1750.
1012111 Saggs, H.W.F. 1962. The Greatness that was Babylon. London.
0001001 Saggs, H.W.F. 1965. Everyday Life in Babylonia and Assyria.
New York.
2123222 Driver, G.R., and J.C. Miles. 1952-55. The Babylonian Laws.
2v. Oxford.
0000010 Contenau, G. 1954. Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria.
New York.
3000003 Gadd, C.J. 1965. Hammurabi and the End of His Dynasty.
Cambridge Ancient History, rev. edit., fascicle 35.
Cambridge.
0200000 Thompson, R.C. 1923. The Golden Age of Hammurabi.
Cambridge Ancient History I: 494-551. New York.
4000003 Delaporte, L. J. 1925. Mesopotamia. New York.
ä
HRAF:MD4
SCCS# 46 EA# 132 Cj2 Rwala Bedouin. P:Unspecified.
G:31¯45'N, 28¯30'E. T:1913.
1111111 Musil, A. 1928. The Manners and Customs of the Rwala
Bedouins. New York.
0202223+ Raswan, C. R. 1947. Black Tents of Arabia. New York.
0300000 Ashkenazi, T. 1948. The Anazah Tribes. Southwestern
Journal of Anthropology 4: 222-239.
HRAF:MB1
SCCS# 47 EA# 653 Ci5 Turks. P:Anatolian plateau.
G:39¯20'N, 34¯E. T:1950.
1011111 Pierce, J.E. 1964. Life in a Turkish Village. New York.
2022221 Makal, M. 1954. A Village in Anatolia. London.
0133331 Stirling, P. 1965. Turkish Village. London.
4200000 Stirling, P. 1963. The Domestic Cycle and the Distribution
of Power in a Turkish Village. Mediterranean Countrymen, ed.
J. Pitt-Rivers, pp. 201-213. Paris.
0300000 Stirling, P. 1953. Social Ranking in a Turkish Village.
British Journal of Sociology 4:31-44.
3044000 Yasa, I. 1957. Hasanoglan. Ankara.
0000*00 Lerner, D. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society. N.Y.
0000010 Hanson, A.H., et al. 1955. Studies in Turkish Local
Government. Ankara.
HRAF:EG1
SCCS# 48 EA# 25 Ce1 Albanians. P:Gheg.
G:42¯N, 20¯E. T:1910.
1141111 Coon, C. S. 1950. The Mountain of Giants. Papers of the
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard
University 23: iii, 1-105.
0002001 Durham, M. E. 1909. High Albania. London.
0010001